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Extracellular vesicles as emerging intercellular communicasomes

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초록

All living cells release extracellular vesicles having pleiotropicfunctions in intercellular communication. Mammalian extracellularvesicles, also known as exosomes and microvesicles,are spherical bilayered proteolipids composed of variousbioactive molecules, including RNAs, DNAs, proteins, andlipids. Extracellular vesicles directly and indirectly control adiverse range of biological processes by transferring membraneproteins, signaling molecules, mRNAs, and miRNAs, andactivating receptors of recipient cells. The active interaction ofextracellular vesicles with other cells regulates variousphysiological and pathological conditions, including cancer,infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Recentdevelopments in high-throughput proteomics, transcriptomics,and lipidomics tools have provided ample data on the commonand specific components of various types of extracellularvesicles. These studies may contribute to the understanding ofthe molecular mechanism involved in vesicular cargo sortingand the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles, and, further, to theidentification of disease-specific biomarkers. This reviewfocuses on the components, functions, and therapeutic anddiagnostic potential of extracellular vesicles under various pathophysiological conditions.

Abstract

All living cells release extracellular vesicles having pleiotropicfunctions in intercellular communication. Mammalian extracellularvesicles, also known as exosomes and microvesicles,are spherical bilayered proteolipids composed of variousbioactive molecules, including RNAs, DNAs, proteins, andlipids. Extracellular vesicles directly and indirectly control adiverse range of biological processes by transferring membraneproteins, signaling molecules, mRNAs, and miRNAs, andactivating receptors of recipient cells. The active interaction ofextracellular vesicles with other cells regulates variousphysiological and pathological conditions, including cancer,infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Recentdevelopments in high-throughput proteomics, transcriptomics,and lipidomics tools have provided ample data on the commonand specific components of various types of extracellularvesicles. These studies may contribute to the understanding ofthe molecular mechanism involved in vesicular cargo sortingand the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles, and, further, to theidentification of disease-specific biomarkers. This reviewfocuses on the components, functions, and therapeutic anddiagnostic potential of extracellular vesicles under various pathophysiological conditions.

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