직행 탈북이주자의 노동이동과 탈북결정요인

Abstract

This study assumes that ‘labor mobility’ of North Koreans is one of the major causes of North Korean Defections, and examines the phenomenon of North Korean Migrants in light of international immigration theory. In particular, this study focused on the newly emerging “generation escaping directly from North Korea” after food refugees and sought to examine their escape process in the context of labor mobility. With the four pillars of the formal/informal, market/state sector that divide the social economy of North Korea as basic axis, 23 cases of migrants directly escaping from North Korea were divided into 11 cases of women and 12 cases of men by type of gender/occupation. There are three facts revealed through this study. First, it was observed that the workers who worked in the North Korean formal economy sector (I) shifted to the public market economy sector (II), the informal state economy sector (III) and the informal market economy sector (IV). Workers in the state economy shifted to the difficulties of livelihood and showed different behaviors for men and women. Second, North Korean workers were classified into two groups such as the collective labor participation type and the personal benefit pursuit type according to whether there was labor mobility or not. The collective labor participation type was differentiated into the career?seeking type and the job?keeping type depending on the upward mobility. In addition, according to the formal option, the personal benefit pursuit type was differentiated into the jangmadang type, the Party-State Agency type and the corporate utilization type, deriving the five types of labor mobility types. Third, as a result of analyzing the causes of North Korean Migrants by labor migration types, it was found that the collective labor participation type which comprises the family members, relatives and acquaintances of the North Korean Migrants. Therefore, the surveillance received from the authorities, the personal anxiety due to non?socialist censorships, career barriers of the migrants and family members, negative prospects for the future of North Korea affected the decision of North Korean defections. In the case of the personal benefit pursuit type, besides the same reason as the collective labor participation type, the favorable attitude toward the market economy affected the decision to defect. It can be concluded that experience in labor mobility in North Korea promotes defection by forming a friendly attitude toward the market economy.