교과서에 나타난입북송승(入北宋僧)·헤이안(平安)시대 대외관계기술에 관한 특징과 전개 고찰 -국정 일본사 교과서를 중심으로-

Abstract

In this paper, the author investigates how monks who made voyages to Northern Song China were described and how Japan's external relations in Heian period(894-1185) were stated in history textbooks. Especially, this paper focuses on the government-designated textbooks for ordinary primary schools in the early 20th century(1903-1946), because we can see simply the outline of the history of Japan through the textbooks. The textbooks of 5 versions that were published between 1903 and 1942 did not mention to Japan's external relations in 10th and 11th century, as well as the monks' contemporaneous voyages to China. In addition, the textbooks published in this period did not even mention to the famous subject of abolition of Kentoshi(envoys to Tang China) in 894. A description about the abolition of the envoy first appeared in the sixth version textbook(1943), after the appearance of the description about 'native Japanese culture' which is called Kokufu Bunka in the fifth version. In other words, the definition of '[the abolition of Kentoshi] → [formation and flourish of so-called Kokufu Bunka which was unaffected by China]' became established in the government-designated textbooks. On the other hand, Japan's contemporary external activities such as monks' voyages were not written in the textbooks so as not to have influence on the definition above. Furthermore, the textbooks for higher elementary schools also suggest the same kind of development as ordinary primary schools'. On the other hand, the monks were sometimes described in authorized textbooks. But even in these cases, explanation for historical significance of their voyages and pilgrimages was suspended and they were only written to show negativity or passivityof the late Heian period, which was to emphasize the definition above. And in recent years, the monks appeared in textbooks to give Kokufu Bunka an impression of international culture without revision of the definition above.