식민치하 ‘인도’ 건축에 대한 해석: 락슈미 빌라스 궁전을 중심으로
Indigenous Architecture of Colonial India: The Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara
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인도 근대 건축사에서 지방 원주민 군주들을 위해 지어진 궁성 건축의 대표적인 예로 바로다라(Vadodara)의 락슈미 빌라스 궁전(Lakshmi Vilas Palace, 1890)을 들 수 있다. 이러한 궁전 건축들은 서양의 건축 양식과 건축적 요소, 의미 등이 인도라는 새로운 환경에서 어떤 방식으로 변용되었는지 보여주는 예로 연구되었으나, 후원자와의 관계나 현재의 해석에 대해서는 많은 연구가 이루어지지 않고 있다. 이 논문에서는 락슈미 빌라스 궁전의 역사와 건축적 전통, 현재 이루어지는 학술적 논의, 그리고 이의 한계를 살펴보며, 후원자였던 마하라자 사야지 라오 개끄와르 3세의 전기를 통해 새로운 해석을 하고자 한다. 락슈미 빌라스 궁전은 인도 서북부 구자라뜨(Gujarat)와 마하라슈뜨라(Maharashtra) 지역을 다스렸던 바로다 왕국(Baroda)의 마하라자를 위하여 지어진 궁전이었다. 당시 마하라자는 미성년자였으며 궁전의 설계는 영국인 교사 등 친영파 인물들에 의해 주도되었다. 결국 궁전은 만트(Mant)와 치좀(Chisholm) 등 두 명의 설계에 따라 지어졌으며 오늘날까지 지방 원주민 군주가 후원한 인도 근대 건축 중 가장 뛰어난 예로 꼽히고 있다. 이는 19세기말 인도에서 영국 식민통치를 위해 지어지던 관공서 건축 양식으로 유명한 ‘인도-사라세닉 양식’으로 지어졌는데, 인도-사라세닉 양식에 대한 부정적 평가와 달리 락슈미 빌라스 궁전은 상당히 호의적인 평가를 받았다고 할 수 있다. 이는 단순히 건축사적인 평가에 기인하기보다는 후원자 사야지 라오 3세의 적극적인 이미지 구축과 유지에 기인한 것이었다. 개혁적인 군주로 평가받기도 하였던 사야지 라오는 다양한 이들에게 전기를 집필하도록 주문하였는데, 이의 영향으로 락슈미 빌라스 궁전에 대한 인식이 꾸준히 형성되었다는 사실을 알 수 있다. 즉 락슈미 빌라스 궁전은 건축적으로는 원주민 군주들과 식민 통치의 영합을 반영할 뿐이지만, 마하라자 사야지 라오가 활동한 다양한 역할을 통하여 새로운 의미를 부여받았던 것이다.
Abstract
As one of the most famous palaces built for a Native Prince during the 19th century, the Lakshmi Vilas Palace at Vadodara (Baroda) has been briefly discussed in various art historical and architectural studies. However, most of these studies have focused on its stylistic features (i.e. "Indo-Saracenic Style" of architecture) or its significance in modern Indian architecture. In this paper, I examine the role of its patron, Maharaja Sayaji Rao Gaekwad III of Baroda, as well as its architectural features and traditions. The Lakshmi Vilas Palace was built for Maharaja Sayaji Rao when he ascended the throne to the Princely State of Baroda in 1875. As a minor, most of the plans were decided by colonial representatives, and the palace was completed in 1890 according to the plans of Major Charles Mant and Robert Chisholm, both famous for their Indo-Saracenic style architecture in India. It is still considered an outstanding example of indigenous palace architecture built during the 19th century, an assessment which was most likely enhanced by the self-constructed images of Maharaja Sayaji Rao. According to several biographies of the Maharaja, the Maharaja carefully controlled his image as a progressive and enlightened ruler, as well as supporter of nationalist movements during the colonial rule. While architecturally the Lakshmi Vilas Palace reflects the affiliation of the "native prince" and colonial rule, the negotiations of the Maharaja in his political roles enabled multiple readings of the palace itself.
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