식이(食餌) 체계에 따른 요가 수행자의 심신 상관성

Abstract

This study deals with the theme of interrelationship between mind-body and ways of eating, by focusing on the foods haṭha yogin should eat or avoid when he practices. For this purpose, based on the analyses of 3 main texts of Haṭha Yoga (Haṭhayogapradīpīka, Gheraṇḍasaṃhitā and Śivasaṃhitā), we examine the following three topics: firstly, the influences of foods on yoga practice and mind-body; secondly, relationships among diet, mind-body, and guṇa; and lastly, the kinds of foods to be taken or avoided by haṭha yogin. The tradition of Haṭha Yoga, which has been strongly influenced by Tantrism, has developed elaborate philosophy of body as well as various techniques of bodily improvement. Pañcakośa theory which originated from the Upaniṣads lies at the foundation of this body philosophy, and the practice system of Haṭha Yoga was formed by this theory. In the texts, the rules concerning the ways of eating are placed between two parts which describe āsana and prāṇāyāma, respectively. After strengthening and purifying ‘annamayakośa’ by āsana, haṭha yogin reinforces and purifies this kośa more wholly by taking proper foods. And then, ‘prāṇamayakośa’ is dealt with. Haṭha Yoga seems to have similar perceptions of gross body with Āyurveda and Classical Yoga, and these three traditions use such key concepts as dhātu and doṣa, etc. in the same way. This fact reveals that in understanding this material world and physical body of human beings, Haṭha Yoga, Āyurveda and Classical Yoga share the same theory of guṇa from the Sāṃkhya philosophy. If we consider the fact that practice of Haṭha Yoga is grounded on the purification of body and mind, purifying the body can be understood as the process which makes sattva guṇa to be predominant among the 3 guṇas and, for this purpose, haṭha yogin should take more sattvik foods. In the rules regarding foods in Haṭha Yoga texts, foods which should be avoided generally have such characteristics as bitter, sour, salty, hot, pungent, not fresh, hard, dry, contaminated, too cold or too hot. While avoiding the above, haṭha yogin should take foods that nourish dhātu which are sweety, mild, easily digested or made from milk. In Haṭhayogapradīpīka, there are detailed lists of 16 kinds of foods which should be avoided and 15 kinds of foods which should be taken. In Gheraṇḍasaṃhitā, these lists are 26 kinds and 44 kinds, respectively. In general, foods to be avoided are highly tamasic and rajasic, whereas foods to be taken are sattvic. It is notable that, from these recommended lists of foods which should be taken, we can make a balanced diet with all the five nutrients which are considered as essential from the viewpoint of modern food and nutrition science.