미국 자유주의와 백인 미국 만들기― 20세기 전반 시민권 정책을 중심으로 ―
American Liberalism and Making 'White' America: With a Focus on the Policy of Citizenship at the First Half of the 20th Century
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This study is to explore how American liberalism as a hegemonic discourse at the turn of the 20th century and the half of the century affected federal immigration laws which had been changed from traditional liberal immigration policies to anti-liberal restricted ones. In addition, I examine how individual states and the Supreme Court utilized liberalism for making white America through election laws and the way of defining American citizenship. Historically, the meaning of citizenship has been changed in America where diverse ethnicities with so many different backgrounds live together. Since the beginning of the States, American liberalism continues to provide the basic ideological framework in which most Americans think about politics and society, and liberalism, too, has been so flexible enough to have historically represented both progressive and retrogressive position. With large waves of so-called "new immigrants" from Eastern and Southern Europe at the turn of the 20th century, nativists and Darwinian liberals asserted the law of competition that only the most talented and able members of society would survive and prosper, and Anglo-Saxon race among whites was the superior member of true American. Darwinian liberalism was so closely connected to the laissez-faire doctrine and social darwinist ideologies. Under this rationale, traditional liberal immigration policies had been changed to unliberal restrictive immigration control through federal immigration acts like the Literacy Test Act of 1917 and the National Quota systems in 1924. After the passage of the stringent restrictive 1924 immigration policy, however, most of nativists and liberals no longer focused on the question of openness. The efforts of them turned instead to the issue of filtering naturalized aliens already in the nation and restricting their potential to become full member of American citizens who would participate politics. Under the doctrine of traditional federalism, individual states still had a strong grip to establish qualifications for suffrage, and more than 20 states passed the election law that required voters to demonstrate comprehensive reading and writing ability in English. Legally sanctioned discrimination, the English literacy election law was designed to disenfranchise undesirable yet naturalized linguistic minorities. Based on the prevailed sentiment of white supremacy and Darwinian liberalism, in addition, the Supreme Court developed the category of Caucasian in naturalization decisions. Using the racialized scientific doctrine or common understanding of color, the Supreme Court maintained that the meaning of white expanded to accommodate immigrants from the previously undesirable Europeans from Eastern and Southern Europe. This loss of distinction gave a legal basis for all white Europeans only to be American citizens, making white America slowly but surely. On the contrary, nonwhite's struggles and resistances for the full membership as an American citizen were buried under the gigantic power of both federal and individual governments and the Supreme Court which paved the ground works for making white America.
Abstract
This study is to explore how American liberalism as a hegemonic discourse at the turn of the 20th century and the half of the century affected federal immigration laws which had been changed from traditional liberal immigration policies to anti-liberal restricted ones. In addition, I examine how individual states and the Supreme Court utilized liberalism for making white America through election laws and the way of defining American citizenship. Historically, the meaning of citizenship has been changed in America where diverse ethnicities with so many different backgrounds live together. Since the beginning of the States, American liberalism continues to provide the basic ideological framework in which most Americans think about politics and society, and liberalism, too, has been so flexible enough to have historically represented both progressive and retrogressive position. With large waves of so-called "new immigrants" from Eastern and Southern Europe at the turn of the 20th century, nativists and Darwinian liberals asserted the law of competition that only the most talented and able members of society would survive and prosper, and Anglo-Saxon race among whites was the superior member of true American. Darwinian liberalism was so closely connected to the laissez-faire doctrine and social darwinist ideologies. Under this rationale, traditional liberal immigration policies had been changed to unliberal restrictive immigration control through federal immigration acts like the Literacy Test Act of 1917 and the National Quota systems in 1924. After the passage of the stringent restrictive 1924 immigration policy, however, most of nativists and liberals no longer focused on the question of openness. The efforts of them turned instead to the issue of filtering naturalized aliens already in the nation and restricting their potential to become full member of American citizens who would participate politics. Under the doctrine of traditional federalism, individual states still had a strong grip to establish qualifications for suffrage, and more than 20 states passed the election law that required voters to demonstrate comprehensive reading and writing ability in English. Legally sanctioned discrimination, the English literacy election law was designed to disenfranchise undesirable yet naturalized linguistic minorities. Based on the prevailed sentiment of white supremacy and Darwinian liberalism, in addition, the Supreme Court developed the category of Caucasian in naturalization decisions. Using the racialized scientific doctrine or common understanding of color, the Supreme Court maintained that the meaning of white expanded to accommodate immigrants from the previously undesirable Europeans from Eastern and Southern Europe. This loss of distinction gave a legal basis for all white Europeans only to be American citizens, making white America slowly but surely. On the contrary, nonwhite's struggles and resistances for the full membership as an American citizen were buried under the gigantic power of both federal and individual governments and the Supreme Court which paved the ground works for making white America.
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