중국의 ‘한국문화 원조’ 주장과 최근 한국문화사 연구 동향
Claim of China as the ‘Originator of Korean Culture’ and Recent Trends in Korean Cultural History Research in China
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This paper briefly examines the background and phenomena of the recent escalation of cultural conflicts between Korea and China. It then proceeds to explore recent trends in Korean historical research within the Chinese academic community, aiming to gain a deeper understanding of the ongoing cultural conflicts. The claim that Korean culture originated in China gained momentum around 2020 and can be observed across various sectors of China's popular culture industry such as Chinese YouTube and online gaming platforms. Even on China's representative portal site Baidu, content suggesting that kimchi(김치) and hanbok(한복) originated in China can be found. However, this claim lacks proper historical evidence, and the practice of using Korean imagery while explaining Chinese culture should be rectified. Furthermore, there was controversy during the opening ceremony of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics when ‘ethnic Koreans’(조선족) wore hanbok. The hanbok worn by ethnic Koreans at that time was a commercialized version popular among tourists in Korean tourist sites since the 2010s. Present-day Korean hanbok reflects the beauty of the Chosŏn hanbok chosen and pursued by 21st-century South Korea. Anyone can wear this hanbok. However, it is not appropriate to promote the hanbok fashion, which was utilized as a tourism product from 2000s Korea, as the “cultural identity of Chinese ethnic minorities” in such a politically charged venue as the Olympic opening ceremony. Examining the trends in Korean historical research within the Chinese academic community since 2020 in chronological order, it can be seen that there has been a significant output of research results focusing on the Chosŏn and Koryŏ(고려) dynasties. This contrasts with the early 2000s when research on ancient Korean history, including Koguryŏ(고구려), received much attention. A closer examination of research trends reveals that cultural studies dominate. The topics range widely, including Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism, various systems of education and governance, literature, Hangul, Chinese characters culture, calligraphy, medicine, traditional clothing, dance, court music, painting, martial arts, tea culture, Koryŏ celadon, Academies(서원), and Chusŏk(秋夕, Korean Thanksgiving). Moreover, many of these research contents suggest that Korean culture originated from Chinese culture and has been strongly influenced by it. Such studies in China saw a significant increase around 2020. However, due to the evolving nature of research trends, continuous monitoring is necessary. Such research in China has been based on the perception that independent cultural developments in various regions are denied, and a superior central culture spreads to the periphery. However, it has been confirmed that even cultures understood as “original” are mixed and fused. Cultural relativism, the notion that cultures cannot be hierarchically ranked, has been deepened through nearly a century of academic discussion. Modern China is now emphasizing Korea as the origin of its culture, based on an outdated perspective that needs to be overcome. However, China is not a society that has been isolated from external influences, but has historically embraced a diverse range of foreign cultures, resulting in a blended “hybrid culture.” Excessive emphasis on China's cultural origins may, in fact, diminish the diversity of Chinese culture and undermine its cultural inclusivity. Encounters between cultural entities can remain purely collective or progress to a stage of new creation. There appears to be a greater need for attention to the many creative endeavors that have enriched human culture by accommodating and reinterpreting cultures of the past.
Abstract
This paper briefly examines the background and phenomena of the recent escalation of cultural conflicts between Korea and China. It then proceeds to explore recent trends in Korean historical research within the Chinese academic community, aiming to gain a deeper understanding of the ongoing cultural conflicts. The claim that Korean culture originated in China gained momentum around 2020 and can be observed across various sectors of China's popular culture industry such as Chinese YouTube and online gaming platforms. Even on China's representative portal site Baidu, content suggesting that kimchi(김치) and hanbok(한복) originated in China can be found. However, this claim lacks proper historical evidence, and the practice of using Korean imagery while explaining Chinese culture should be rectified. Furthermore, there was controversy during the opening ceremony of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics when ‘ethnic Koreans’(조선족) wore hanbok. The hanbok worn by ethnic Koreans at that time was a commercialized version popular among tourists in Korean tourist sites since the 2010s. Present-day Korean hanbok reflects the beauty of the Chosŏn hanbok chosen and pursued by 21st-century South Korea. Anyone can wear this hanbok. However, it is not appropriate to promote the hanbok fashion, which was utilized as a tourism product from 2000s Korea, as the “cultural identity of Chinese ethnic minorities” in such a politically charged venue as the Olympic opening ceremony. Examining the trends in Korean historical research within the Chinese academic community since 2020 in chronological order, it can be seen that there has been a significant output of research results focusing on the Chosŏn and Koryŏ(고려) dynasties. This contrasts with the early 2000s when research on ancient Korean history, including Koguryŏ(고구려), received much attention. A closer examination of research trends reveals that cultural studies dominate. The topics range widely, including Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism, various systems of education and governance, literature, Hangul, Chinese characters culture, calligraphy, medicine, traditional clothing, dance, court music, painting, martial arts, tea culture, Koryŏ celadon, Academies(서원), and Chusŏk(秋夕, Korean Thanksgiving). Moreover, many of these research contents suggest that Korean culture originated from Chinese culture and has been strongly influenced by it. Such studies in China saw a significant increase around 2020. However, due to the evolving nature of research trends, continuous monitoring is necessary. Such research in China has been based on the perception that independent cultural developments in various regions are denied, and a superior central culture spreads to the periphery. However, it has been confirmed that even cultures understood as “original” are mixed and fused. Cultural relativism, the notion that cultures cannot be hierarchically ranked, has been deepened through nearly a century of academic discussion. Modern China is now emphasizing Korea as the origin of its culture, based on an outdated perspective that needs to be overcome. However, China is not a society that has been isolated from external influences, but has historically embraced a diverse range of foreign cultures, resulting in a blended “hybrid culture.” Excessive emphasis on China's cultural origins may, in fact, diminish the diversity of Chinese culture and undermine its cultural inclusivity. Encounters between cultural entities can remain purely collective or progress to a stage of new creation. There appears to be a greater need for attention to the many creative endeavors that have enriched human culture by accommodating and reinterpreting cultures of the past.
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- "“중국 시녀 옷이 한복” 이제 한복까지 뺏어가려고 드릉드릉함?", 중앙일보, ~ (2020)
- "샤이닝니키 ‘명나라가 한복 하사’ 적반하장 후 ‘야반도주’", 조선일보, ~ (2020)
- "저 강렬한 실루엣, 오 마이 갓", 중앙일보, ~ (2020)
- "한복 동북공정 논란 ‘샤이닝니키’ 1주일만에 서비스 종료", 매일경제, ~ (2020)
- "“한복은 중국 것” 황당 주장하며 한국 서비스 돌연 중단한 中 게임사", 동아일보, ~ (2020)
- "“한복은 중국옷” 이어 블랙핑크 비난한 中…한･중 온라인 전쟁", 중앙일보, ~ (2020)
- "“열 받아서 환급금 쏩니다”…中 샤이닝니키 적반하장에 누리꾼 ‘발끈’", news 1, ~ (2020)
- "동북공정 논란 샤이닝니키, 막장 운영 좌시않겠다", 세계일보, ~ (2020)
- ‘한복 논란’ 샤이닝니키...중국 게임 민낯 보여주다, "시사저널이코노미", 2020
- "한복도 중국 전통의상? “中 동북공정 지켜보기만 할 건가” 靑 청원", 아주경제, ~ (2020)
- ‘샤이닝니키’ 한복 논란과 항미원조 언급, 불편하다, "오마이뉴스", 2020
- "‘한복 원조 논쟁’ 중국 게임 ‘샤이닝니키’ 논란, 靑 국민청원으로 확산", 뉴스핌, ~ (2020)
- "‘김치찌개･상추쌈’ 한식강탈 中유튜버의 수상한 이력!", 헤럴드경제, ~ (2021)
- "‘한복 입고 삼겹살 쌈’ 中드라마...한국만 빼고 방영한 디즈니+", 헤럴드경제, ~ (2021)
- "앞치마 입고 직접 김장…中 유엔 대사의 노골적 ‘김치공정’", 중앙일보, ~ (2021)
- "앞치마 입고 ‘엄지 척’…中 유엔 대사까지 나선 ‘김치공정’", 동아일보, ~ (2021)
- "中 언론 “韓 ‘김치의 왕’ 주장 불필요…김치로 싸우지 말자", 머니투데이, ~ (2021)
- "중국의 문화 왜곡, 이번에는 ‘갓’… ‘제2 샤이닝 니키 사태’", 전자신문, ~ (2021)
- "이제는 ‘갓’도 중국 전통?…게임계에 퍼지는 中 ‘문화공정’", 쿠키뉴스, ~ (2021)
- "‘중국 “삼계탕도 中 전통음식” 우기기…中포털 바이두 앞장", 헤럴드경제, ~ (2021)
- "한국경제", 2021
- "“이순신 장군이 여자?”…中게임 황당한 캐릭터 설정 논란", 헤럴드경제, ~ (2021)
- "“중국 사회주의･문화 알리는 게임만 허용”…황당한 中 판호 기준 논란", 머니투데이, ~ (2021)
- "한국 시장 휩쓸면서 선넘는 中 게임…‘동북공정 방지법’ 가속도", news1, ~ (2021)
- "중국 동북공정, 한국 게임 산업까지 침투…손 놓은 정부", 시사저널이코노미, ~ (2021)
- "김치, 한복, 삼계탕까지…계속되는 중국발 ‘문화공정’", MBC뉴스, ~ (2021)
- "스파오 생활 한복 출시에 中네티즌 “송나라 옷 훔친 것” 생트집", 동아일보, ~ (2021)
- "中 누리꾼들, 韓 브랜드의 한복 출시에 “한국은 도둑, 우리 역사문화 훔치지 마라”", 세계일보, ~ (2021)
- "중국 게임업체, 韓 패션게임 ‘걸 글로브’ 한복 무단 도용", 매일경제, ~ (2021)
- "아이유 옷, 그대로 따라하더니…中 게임, 또 ‘한복 무단도용’", 한국경제, ~ (2021)
- "BTS 한복 베낀 중국게임사, 시정요구에 ‘모르쇠’", 스포츠경향, ~ (2021)
- "한복 도용한 中 게임, 시정 요구에도 ‘무대응’…“즉시 사과해야”", 데일리안, ~ (2021)
- "中 게임 ‘꽃피는 달빛’, 한복 무단 표절..줄지 않는 한복 동북공정", 한국정경신문, ~ (2021)
- "대박･먹방…‘K-단어’ 26개 옥스포드 사전에 새로 실렸다", 서울경제, ~ (2021)
- "옥스포드사전 편집자, “세계 어디서나 ‘한국 단어’ 인기”", TBS뉴스, ~ (2021)
- "“한복=韓전통의상”…英옥스포드사전 공식 등재→서경덕 교수 “고무적인 일”", 스포츠, ~ (2021)
- "中 대놓고 한복 야망 꺼냈는데…“우리 문화 퍼진다”는 황희", 중앙일보, ~ (2022)
- "(사설)올림픽 개막식 ‘한복’ 왜 논란되는지, 중국은 알아야 한다", 한겨레신문, ~ (2022)
- "올림픽 개막식 한복 등장에...中공산당 기관지, ‘한푸는 조선족의 것’", 서울신문, ~ (2022)
- "조선족 배려 아쉬운 ‘한복 공정’ 논란", 노컷뉴스, ~ (2022)
- "주한중국대사관, 올림픽 한복 논란에 “중국 조선족의 것”", 경향신문, ~ (2022)
- "中대사관, 한복 논란에 “한반도의 것이자 조선족의 것, 문화약탈 아냐”", 조선일보, ~ (2022)
- "이번엔 “삼겹살은 중화요리”라는 중국, 문헌 뒤져보니", 오마이뉴스, ~ (2022)
- "한복 도용 논란 게임 ‘꽃피는 달빛’ 서비스 돌연 종료", 더게임스데일리, ~ (2022)
- "김치 이어 “삼겹살 중국요리” 주장…도 넘은 ‘문화공정’", TV조선, ~ (2023)
- "“삼겹살은 中돼지볶음서 유래” 중국, ‘韓소울푸드’까지 건드렸다", 헤럴드경제, ~ (2023)
- "이젠 삼겹살까지 뺏으려는 中...인터넷 백과사전 “삼겹살은 중국요리”", 펜N마이크, ~ (2023)
- "경복궁 한복대여 ‘우리옷 한류’, 경복궁 야간개장에 맞춰 커플･관광객들에게 신상 한복 제공", RPM9, ~ (2018)
- "경복궁의 한복 퍼레이드", 국제뉴스, ~ (2022)
- "주한중국대사관, 올림픽 한복 논란에 “중국 조선족의 것”", 경향신문, ~ (2022)
- "팔짱 낀 평양 연인들, 상상해보셨나요?", 오마이뉴스, ~ (2012)
- "‘조선인민혁명군 창건 90주년’ 기념 한복 입은 평양 여성들", 서울신문, ~ (2022)
- "“韓風”刮過之後", 中國, 人民日報, ~ (2001)
- "“韓流”當道值得反省", 中國, 人民日報, ~ (2005)
- "《大長今》折射韓國文化戰略", 中國, 新民週刊, ~ (2005)
- "起源中國在韓發揚 泡菜文化易容後將成韓遺產引質疑", 中國, 新華網, ~ (2020)
- "中華人民共和國國民經濟和社會發展第十四個五年規劃和2035年遠景目標綱要", 中國, 新華通訊, ~ (2021)
- "朝鮮族服飾", 中國非物質文化遺產網, ~ (2021)
- "韓服有多少位“師傅”?", 中國, 觀察者網, ~ (2022)