고몰입형 인적자원관리 시스템이 탐험에 미치는 영향* - 전자부품 중소기업을 중심으로 -
The Impact Of High-Commitment Human Resource Management On The Exploration - SMEs In The Korean Electronic Parts Industry -
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초록
본 연구는 고몰입형 인적자원관리 시스템이 탐험에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 우리나라 전자부품산업에 속한 중소기업 80개의 1996년-2001년간 자료를 이용하여 실증분석을 수행한다. 독립변수인 고몰입형 인적자원관리 시스템(high-commitment human resource management system)은 Pfeffer (1998)가 개념적으로 제시하고 Bae & Lawler(2000), 배종석·사정혜(2003) 등이 실증분석에 사용한 것으로, 기획 담당부서장과의 인터뷰 및 설문조사를 통해 측정한다. 종속변수인 탐험은 탐험의 절대량을 의미하는 ‘탐험량’과 전체 활용과 탐험 중에서 탐험이 차지하는 비율을 의미하는 ‘탐험비율’을 사용한다. 활용과 탐험은 기술학습 활동으로 조작화한다. 연구개발 담당부서장과의 인터뷰를 통해 확보한 1996년에서 2001년까지 매년도의 활용 과제와 탐험 과제에 대한 기술인력 배치 정보를 이용한다. 사후분석에서는 활용의 절대량을 의미하는 ‘활용량’과 활용과 탐험의 양면성을 의미하는 ‘활용*탐험’도 종속변수로 사용한다. 분석결과를 요약하면, 첫째, 우리나라 전자부품산업에 속한 표본 중소기업들이 평균적으로 3년 동안 기술인력 102.3명을 활용에 투입하고 탐험에 투입하는 기술인력은 4.0명에 불과하였다. ‘탐험비율’을 계산하면 4%에 불과하였다. 둘째, 기술학습 노력으로 측정한 ‘활용량’과 ‘탐험량’이 약한 정의 상관관계를 보이기 때문에 활용과 탐험이 각각 독립적인 투자의사결정대상이라고 파악되며 양자가 서로를 필요로 하는 상호보완적인 측면을 가지는 것으로 여겨진다. 셋째, 고몰입형 HRM 시스템의 여러 변수들 중에서 ‘광범위한 교육훈련’만이 탐험과 유의한 정(+)의 관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. ‘탐험량’, ‘탐험비율’, ‘활용*탐험’을 종속변수로 하는 회귀모형에서 일관된 결과를 보여주었다. 마지막으로 그 이외의 고몰입형 HRM 시스템 변수들은 탐험과 정의 관계를 가지지 못할 뿐만 아니라 일부 분석결과에서는 부(-)의 관계를 가질 가능성도 발견되었다. 이러한 분석결과는 다음과 같은 시사점을 가진다. 첫째, 고몰입형 인적자원관리 시스템이 탐험을 촉진하고 양면조직(ambidextrous organization)을 원활하게 운영하는데 중요하다는 일관된 실증분석결과를 얻은 의의가 있다. 둘째, 창의적 인적자원관리(creative HRM) 연구로서 사람을 통한 경쟁우위의 창출을 실현하는 원천으로 고몰입형 인적자원관리 시스템의 가치를 실증한 의의가 있다. 즉, 고몰입형 인적자원관리 시스템이 기업의 경영전략에 영향을 미치며 나아가 기업의 경영성과를 결정한다고 표현할 수 있다. 셋째, 고몰입형 HRM 시스템이 가지는 가능성과 한계를 함께 파악할 수 있었다. ‘광범위한 교육훈련’이 옵션창출형 HRM 시스템의 핵심요소임을 확인하였지만 다른 한편으로는 ‘선별적 채용’, ‘고용보장’과 ‘직급간 격차 해소’가 좀 더 구체화될 필요가 있음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 실무적 시사점, 한계점과 추후 연구방향에 대해 논의하였다.
Abstract
This study empirically examined the impact of high-commitment human resource management (HRM) system on the exploration of firms, based on the data analysis of 80 small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) in the Korean electronic parts industry during the period of 1996-2001. Exploration as a dependent variable includes ‘amount of exploration’ and ‘ratio of exploration’. The amount of exploitation and exploration are operationalized as the effort of technological learning, rather than the output of technological learning. This study uses the information concern R&D personnel on the exploitative and exploratory R&D projects during the period of 1996-2001. High-commitment HRM system is conceptually suggested by Pfeffer (1998), and is used in the empirical studies such as Bae & Lawler(2000) and Bae & Sa(2003). These variables are measured through interview and questionnaire with strategic planning managers. The results of data analyses revealed that (1) sample SMEs in the Korean electronic parts industry commit 102.3 R&D personnel to the exploitation, but they only commit 4.0 R&D personnel to the exploration on average during three years. The ratio of exploration is only 4%. (2) The amount of exploitation is positively associated with the amount of exploration. That means that exploitation and exploration may be independently selected, rather than they compete for scare resource of firms. They also may require each other complementarily. (3) only ‘extensive training’ of high-commitment HRM system is positively associated with the exploration. All regression models with ‘amount of exploration’, ‘ratio of exploration’, and ‘multiplication of exploitation and exploration’ as each dependent variable show consistent results. (4) other variables of high-commitment HRM system are not positively associated with exploration. Some variables are negatively associated with exploration, although their significant level are weak. Our findings suggest that high-commitment HRM system is germane to promoting exploration and the ambidextrous organization. This study also shows the value of high-commitment HRM system as a source of creating the competitive advantage of the firm through people. That is, it determines the strategy of the firm and, furthermore, firm performance. This study also shows the possibility and limitation of high-commitment HRM system as a option-creating type of HRM system. This study identifies ‘extensive training’ as a key variable of the option-creating type of HRM system. However, some variables such as ‘high selective staffing’, ‘job security’, and ‘minimum status differentials for egalitarianism’ are needed to refine the concepts. Finally, managerial implications and limitations of this study, and future research directions are discussed.
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