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우리나라 환경영향평가 제도 내 수생태계 평가 개선 방안

Improvement Measures for Aquatic Ecosystem Assessment in the Environment Impact Assessment System in Korea

성현찬|황순진|전성우|김난영|유경은|심연보
한국환경영향평가학회 (Korean Society Of Environmental Impact Assessment)|2024.12|환경영향평가 (Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment)|제33권 제6호|pp. 388-408|DOI 10.14249/eia.2024.33.6.388

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키워드

환경영향평가Environmental Impact Assessment생물지수수생태계 평가수생태계 건강성 평가Aquatic Ecosystem EvaluationBiological IndicesAquatic Ecosystem Health Assessment
주제분류환경공학

초록

우리나라 환경영향평가 제도 내의 수환경 분야 평가는 이화학적 항목만을 이용하고 있다. 특히, 수생태계 관련 내용은 일부 수서생물의 다양성(종조성과 군집특성) 정보에 불과하여 수생태계 상태(건강성)에 대한평가 내용은 부재한 실정이다. 본 연구는 국내외 수생태계 건강성 평가 사례 및 환경영향평가 제도의 비교 분석을 통해 우리나라 환경영향평가 제도의 문제점과 개선방안을 도출하였다. 또한 2000~2022년 동안 시행된 환경영향평가 사업 중 ‘하천의 이용 및 개발’ 89개 사업을 대상으로 수생태계 건강성 지수 활용 사례를 분석하여 생물학적 평가방법 도입을 위한 환경영향평가 개선 방안을 제시한다. 미국, 독일 등 12개 국가에서 하천의 모니터링 및 생물학적 평가를 시행하고 있으며, 미국 등 6개 국가에서는생물학적 지수를 통한 평가를 시행하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 미국은 수생태계 건강성 평가에 생물학적온전성 지수(Index of Biological Integrity, IBI)을 이용하고 있으며, 또한 환경영향평가에서도 국가 환경정책법(NEPA)의 ‘신속한 생물평가 지침(Rapid Bioassessment Protocols: RBPs)’을 통해 하천의 생물학적 상태를 평가하도록 하고 있다. 국내 환경영향평가에서 수생태계 건강성 평가 사례는 물환경보전법(수생태계 건강성 조사 및평가에 관한 조항)에 근거를 두고 시행되고 있는 국가 생물측정망에 포함된 지수를 대부분 이용하고 있다. 생물학적 평가지수 활용 내역은 저서성 대형무척추동물 지수 75건, 부착돌말류 지수 35건, 어류 지수 21건으로, 하천수생태계 건강성 평가를 시작한 2007년을 기점으로 활용 빈도가 점차 증가하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 수환경에 대한 영향평가에서 생태계 수준 평가의 중요성을 반증하는 결과이다. 그러나 아직까지 국내에서 수생태계 건강성 평가는 환경영향평가 항목으로 제도화되어 있지 않아 지속적인 평가와 효과적인 활용이 미흡하다. 따라서 본 연구는 하천, 호소 등 물환경 영향평가에 있어 생태계 차원의 평가가 매우 중요함을 강조하며, 기존의 환경영향평가 수환경 조사 항목 내에 수생태계 건강성 지표항목을 정규 조사항목으로 추가하는 방안을 제안한다.

Abstract

The assessment of aquatic environments within Korea’s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system primarily relies on physico-chemical parameters. Specifically, evaluations of aquatic ecosystems are limited to certain aspects of aquatic organism diversity (species composition and community characteristics), with no comprehensive assessment of ecosystem health or condition. This study investigates the application of aquatic ecosystem health indices in 89 projects involving the “Use and development of rivers,” conducted as part of EIAs between 2000 and 2022. It proposes improvements to the EIA system through the adoption of biological evaluation methods based on key aquatic organisms. This study conducts a comparative analysis of international cases of aquatic ecosystem health assessments and EIA systems to identify the limitations of Korea’s EIA system and propose improvements. It also investigates the application of aquatic ecosystem health indices in 89 projects involving the “Use and development of rivers,” conducted as part of EIAs between 2000 and 2022. Based on these findings, it suggests adopting biological evaluation methods based on key aquatic organisms to enhance the EIA system. Globally, 12 countries, including the United States and Germany, conduct river monitoring and biological evaluations. Among them, six countries, including the United States, employ biological indices in their assessments. The United States, in particular, uses the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) to evaluate aquatic ecosystem health. Furthermore, biological health assessments are incorporated into EIAs under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) through the implementation of Rapid Bioassessment Protocols (RBPs). In Korea, aquatic ecosystem health assessments within EIAs primarily utilize indices from the National Biological Monitoring Network, established under the Water Environment Conservation Act (provisions for aquatic ecosystem health surveys and evaluations). The use of biological assessment indices includes 75 applications of the benthic macroinvertebrate index, 35 of the diatom index, and 21 of the fish index. Since the introduction of riverine aquatic ecosystem health evaluations in 2007, the frequency of their use has steadily increased, highlighting the growing recognition of ecosystem-level assessments in evaluating impacts on aquatic environments. However, the assessment of aquatic ecosystem health has yet to be institutionalized as a formal component of domestic EIAs, resulting in limited continuous evaluation and practical implementation. This study underscores the critical importance of ecosystem-level evaluations in EIAs of aquatic environments, such as rivers and lakes. It recommends incorporating aquatic ecosystem health indices as standardized survey items within the existing EIA framework for water environment assessments.

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