본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

The Globalization of North Korean Human Rights:Potential Roles for Applied Anthropology and Education

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류학제간연구

초록

The scale of human rights issues in North Korea (NK) is large, including workers’ rights, freedoms of expression, religion, movement, access to food, public executions, massive prison camps, abductions, secret trials, torture, and sexual violence. Experts have called these violations the worst in the world, and they have been condemned by many international human rights investigations. What can be done to better address this situation? The main questions of this research are, how this human rights situation can be raised in global consciousness so more pressure is brought to bear on it, how applied anthropology can help, and how education can play a positive role in helping to bring attention to the issue. First, the paper reviews seminal anthropology and social science perspectives on human rights, new concepts of global and collective rights, anthropology and globalization, and their relevance for the North Korean case. Next, the paper explores the rights issues of the global NK diaspora, and anthropological research on NK human rights, including migration, gender, religion and famine. Third, the paper reviews the historic roles of anthropology in human rights, current opportunities for anthropology in NK human rights activism through education and university-based research, visual ethnography, film, documentation of human rights issues, and exciting examples of activism by students, global NGO networks, and anthropology activists/advocates on this and related issues. The paper finds that anthropological concepts are useful to help spread awareness that the NK human rights situation, the worst in the world, is now global in scope, and that anthropological research on the issue is broad, detailed, and has a key role in documenting the situation and mobilizing significant action and activism for it. Global activism of a persistent, long-term nature, coupled with key anthropological input, can accomplish much. Just as the Soviet Union eventually freed its Jews to emigrate, the nightmare of North Korea’s human rights will eventually end.

Abstract

The scale of human rights issues in North Korea (NK) is large, including workers’ rights, freedoms of expression, religion, movement, access to food, public executions, massive prison camps, abductions, secret trials, torture, and sexual violence. Experts have called these violations the worst in the world, and they have been condemned by many international human rights investigations. What can be done to better address this situation? The main questions of this research are, how this human rights situation can be raised in global consciousness so more pressure is brought to bear on it, how applied anthropology can help, and how education can play a positive role in helping to bring attention to the issue. First, the paper reviews seminal anthropology and social science perspectives on human rights, new concepts of global and collective rights, anthropology and globalization, and their relevance for the North Korean case. Next, the paper explores the rights issues of the global NK diaspora, and anthropological research on NK human rights, including migration, gender, religion and famine. Third, the paper reviews the historic roles of anthropology in human rights, current opportunities for anthropology in NK human rights activism through education and university-based research, visual ethnography, film, documentation of human rights issues, and exciting examples of activism by students, global NGO networks, and anthropology activists/advocates on this and related issues. The paper finds that anthropological concepts are useful to help spread awareness that the NK human rights situation, the worst in the world, is now global in scope, and that anthropological research on the issue is broad, detailed, and has a key role in documenting the situation and mobilizing significant action and activism for it. Global activism of a persistent, long-term nature, coupled with key anthropological input, can accomplish much. Just as the Soviet Union eventually freed its Jews to emigrate, the nightmare of North Korea’s human rights will eventually end.

참고문헌 (128)

  1. Alexandrova, Iordanka., "The European Union’s Policy toward North Korea: Abandoning Engagement", International Journal of Korean Unification Studies, 28(1), pp.33~62 (2019)
  2. Appadurai, Arjun., "Global Culture", pp.48~49 (1990), Sage
  3. Bell, Markus, "Popular Culture and the Transformation of Japan–Korea Relations", pp.34~47 (2020), Routledge
  4. Bell, Markus., "Making and Breaking Family : North Korea’s Zainichi Returnees and"the Gift", Asian Anthropology, 15(3), pp.260~276 (2016)
  5. Bell, Markus., "Manufacturing Kinship in a Nation Divided : An Ethnographic Study of North Korean Refugees in South Korea", Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 14(3), pp.240~255 (2013)
  6. Bell, Markus., "Outsiders: Memories of Migration to and from North Korea" (2022), Berghahn
  7. Bell, Markus., "Ties that Bind Us : Transnational Networks of North Koreans on the Move", Resilience, 2(2), pp.100~113 (2014)
  8. Bell, Markus., "‘We’re so happy to have you here (but we’d rather you hadn’t come)’: Exclusion, Solidarity and network building of North Korean refugees", Studia Universitatis Babes-olyai- hilologia, 58(1), pp.221~230 (2013)
  9. Bell, Markus., "La cooperación internacional en la crisis de los refugiados norcoreanos", Revista Migraciones Forzadas, 45, pp.59~60 (2014)
  10. Bell, Markus., "International cooperation on the North Korean refugee crisis", Forced Migration Review, Oxford, 45, pp.59~60 (2014)
  11. Bell, Markus., "Socializing a Nuclear North Korea: Human Security in Northeast Asia", North Korean Review, 14(1), pp.30~48 (2018)
  12. Bell, Markus., "Patriotic Revolutionaries and Imperial Sympathizers: Identity and Selfhood of Korean-Japanese Migrants from Japan to North Korea", Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review, 7(2), pp.237~265 (2017)
  13. Bernard, H. Russell., "Research Methods in Anthropology : Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches" (1994), Sage Publications
  14. Borofsky, Robert., "An Anthropology of Anthropology: Is It Time to Shift Paradigms?" (2019), Center for a Public Anthropology
  15. Brown, Michael L., "A Queer Thing Happened to America : and What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been" (2011), EqualTime Books
  16. Migration Experiences of North Korean Refugees: Survey Evidence from China, "Chang, Yoonok", Peterson Institute for International Economics, ~ (2008)
  17. Charny, Joel R., "North Koreans in China: A Human Rights Analysis", International Journal of Korean Unification Studies, 13(2), pp.75~97 (2004)
  18. Cho, Min Hye, "The Two Koreas and their Global Engagements", pp.311~335 (2022), Palgrave Macmillan
  19. Choi, Eunyoung, "North Korean Women's Narratives of Migration: Challenging Hegemonic Discourses of Trafficking and Geopolitics", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104(2), pp.271~279 (2014)[DOI]
  20. Choo, Hae Yeon, "Gendered Modernity and Ethnicized Citizenship: North Korean Settlers in Contemporary South Korea", Gender and Society, 20(5), pp.576~604 (2006)
  21. Choo, Hae Yeon., "Multiethnic Korea? Multiculturalism, Migration, and Peoplehood Diversity in Contemporary South Korea", pp.119~141 (2015), Institute for East Asian Studies, University of California
  22. Chun, Kyung Hyo., "North Korean Defectors as Cultural Other in South Korea: Perception and Construction of Cultural Differences", Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, pp.1~29 (2022)
  23. Chun, Kyung Hyo, "Representation and Self-Presentation of North Korean Defectors in South Korea: Image, Discourse, and Voices", Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, 8(1), pp.93~112 (2022)
  24. Chung, Byung-Ho, "Between Defector and Migrant: Identities and Strategies of North Koreans in South Korea", Korean Studies, 32, pp.576~604 (2008)[DOI]
  25. Chung, Byung-Ho., "Living Dangerously in Two Worlds: The Risks and Tactics of North Korean Refugee Children in China", Korea Journal, (Autumn), pp.191~218 (2003)
  26. Chung, Byung-Ho., "North Korean Refugees as Penetrant Transnational Migrants", Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, 43(4), pp.329~361 (2014)
  27. Clemmer, Richard O., "Anthropology, the Indigenous and Human Rights: Which Billiard Balls Matter Most?", Anthropological Theory (2004)[DOI]
  28. "Why the United States Need a Special Envoy for North Korean Human Rights" (2021)[URL]
  29. "North Koreans Also Have Human Rights" (2018)[URL]
  30. Donnelly, Jack., "Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice" (2013), Cornell University Press
  31. Eriksen, Thomas Hylland., "What is Anthropology?" (2018), Pluto Press
  32. Ervin, Alexander M., "Applied Anthropology: Tools and Perspectives for Contemporary Practice", pp.2005, Pearson
  33. Erzen, Tanya., "Straight to Jesus: Sexual and Christian Conversions in the Ex-Gay Movement" (2006), University of California Press
  34. "Defector Families, Mobile-Phones, and Money: Practices of Unification on the Korean Peninsula" (2016)[URL]
  35. Fahy, Sandra., "Dying for Rights : Putting North Korea's Rights Abuses on the Record" (2019), Columbia University Press
  36. Fahy, Sandra, "Famine Talk: Communication Styles and Political Awareness in 1990s North Korea", Food, Culture and Society, 15(4), pp.535~555 (1990)
  37. Fahy, Sandra., "South Korean Popular Culture and North Korea", pp.109~199 (2019), Routledge
  38. Fahy, Sandra, "How to Get Over a Border", Georgetown Journal of Asian Studies, 4(1), pp.4~11 (2019)
  39. Fahy, Sandra., "Routledge Handbook of Contemporary North Korea", pp.199~214 (2021), Routledge
  40. Fahy, Sandra., "Internal Migration in North Korea: Preparation for Governmental Disruption", Asia Policy, 20, pp.113~141 (2015)
  41. Fahy, Sandra., "‘Like Two Pieces of the Sky’: Seeing North Korea through Accounts of the Famine", Anthropology Today, 27(05), pp.18~21 (2011), Royal Anthropological Institute
  42. Fahy, Sandra, "Mapping the Hidden Disaster: Personal Histories of Hunger in North Korea", Natural Hazards Observer, 40(1) (2015)
  43. Fahy, Sandra., "Marching through Suffering : Loss and Survival in North Korea" (2015), Columbia University Press
  44. Fahy, Sandra., "North Korean Human Rights: Activists and Networks", pp.224~248 (2018), Cambridge University Press
  45. Fahy, Sandra., "North Korea’s Foreign Policy: The Kim Jong-Un Regime in a Hostile World", pp.201~218 (2022), Rowman and Littlefield
  46. Fahy, Sandra., "Troubled Transition: North Korea’s Politics Economy, and External Relations", pp.77~95 (2013), Stanford University Press
  47. Fahy, Sandra., "The Interview: An Ethnographic Approach", pp.229~244 (2012), Bloomsbury Academic
  48. Fahy, Sandra., "Rights-based TB Programs for Migrants and Prisoners Needed in North Korea", Health and Human Rights Journal, 18(1), pp.109~114 (2016)
  49. "North Korea’s Prisons are as Bad as Nazi Camps, Says Judge Who Survived Auschwitz" (2017)[URL]
  50. Freire, Paulo, "Pedagogy of the Oppressed" (1972), Penguin Education
  51. García, Ana Belén Martínez., "Denouncing Human Trafficking in China: North Korean Women's Memoirs as Evidence", State Crime Journal, 8(1), pp.59~79 (2019)
  52. Gardner, Katy, "Anthropology, Development, and the Post-Modern Challenge" (1996), Pluto Press
  53. Goodale, Mark., "Introduction: Anthropology and Human Rights", American Anthropologist, 108, pp.1~18 (2006)
  54. Goodale, Mark., "Surrendering to Utopia : An Anthropology of Human Rights" (2009), Stanford University Press
  55. Goodale, Mark., "Toward a Critical Anthropology of Human Rights", Current Anthropology, 47(3), pp.485~511 (2006)
  56. Guerrón-Montero, Carla, ed., "Careers in applied anthropology in the 21st century: Perspectives from academics and practitioners", NAPA Bulletin, 29 (2008), American Anthropological Association
  57. Hedican, Edward J., "Public Anthropology: Engaging Social Issues in the Modern World. North York" (2016), University of Toronto Press
  58. Hough, Jennifer, "North Koreans’ Public Narratives and Conditional Inclusion in South Korea", Critical Asian Studies, 52(2), pp.161~181 (2020)[DOI]
  59. Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E., "State Food Crimes", pp.61~77 (2016), Cambridge University Press
  60. Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E., "Contemporary Slavery: The Rhetoric of Global Human Rights Campaigns" (2018), Cornell University Press
  61. Ishay, Micheline R., "The History of Human Rights: from Ancient Times to the Globalization Era" (2005), University of California Press
  62. Jung, Jin-Heon., "Crossing and Conversion among North Korean Refugee-Migrants", Religions, 11(10), pp.510~ (2020)[DOI]
  63. Jung, Jin-Heon, "Free to be: North Korean migrants and the South Korean evangelical church", Ph.D, pp.2010
  64. Jung, Jin-Heon., "Migration and Religion in East Asia: North Korean Migrants’ Evangelical Encounters" (2015), Palgrave Macmillan
  65. Jung, Jin-Heon, "Building Noah’s Ark for Migrants, Refugees, and Religious Communities", pp.77~100 (2015), Palgrave Macmillan
  66. Jung, Jin-Heon., "The Religious-Political Aspirations of North Korean Migrants and Protestant Churches in Seoul", Journal of Korean Religions, 7(2), pp.123~148 (2016)
  67. Jung, Jin-Heon, "Underground Railroads of Christian Conversion: North Korean Migrants and Evangelical Missionary Networks in Northeast Asia", Cultural Diversity in China, 1(2), pp.179~203 (2015)
  68. Kang, Jin Woong., "Human Rights and Refugee Status of the North Korean Diaspora", North Korean Review, 9(2), pp.4~17 (2013)
  69. Kim, Sung Kyung, "‘I am well-cooked food’: survival strategies of North Korean female border-crossers and possibilities for empowerment", Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 15(4), pp.553~571 (2014)
  70. Kim, Sung Kyung, "Mobile North Korean women and their places in the Sino-North Korea borderland", Asian Anthropology, 15(2), pp.116~131 (2016)[DOI]
  71. Kook, Kyunghee, "‘I Want to Be Trafficked so I Can Migrate!’: Cross-Border Movement of North Koreans into China through Brokerage and Smuggling Networks", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (2018)[DOI]
  72. "Campus protests: Hundreds arrested at universities across US as Gaza demonstrations continue" (2024)[URL]
  73. Lankov, Andrei., "The Real North Korea : Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia" (2013), Oxford University Press
  74. Lee, Andrea, "A Phenomenological Study on the Role of Juche, Militarism, and Human Rights in the Educational Life Experiences of North Korean Defectors", D, pp.2014
  75. "Ethnic Korean Migration in Northeast Asia"[URL]
  76. "The Extraordinary Process of Secretly Interviewing People inside North Korea" (2023)[URL]
  77. Marx, Karl., "The Marx-Engels Reader", pp.86~103 (1972), W.W. Norton
  78. Morin-Dion, Anne-Marie, "L'intégration des Nord-Coréens en Corée du Sud: la persistance de la division dans les représentations identitaires", MM, pp.2012
  79. Morris-Suzuki, Tessa., "Exodus to North Korea : Shadows from Japan's Cold War" (2007), Rowman and Littlefield Publishers
  80. Nolan, Riall W., "Anthropology in Practice : Building a Career Outside the Academy" (2002), Lynne Rienner
  81. Nolan, Riall W., "Development Anthropology : Encounters in the Real World" (2018), Routledge
  82. Nolan, Riall W., "Using anthropology in the world : A guide to becoming an anthropologist practitioner" (2017), Routledge
  83. "Number of N. Korean Defectors Entering S. Korea reaches 43 in Q1" (2024)[URL]
  84. Pacheco, Veronica, "Discourse Analysis of International Reporting on Human Trafficking of North Koreans at the Border with China", Journal of Human Trafficking (2020)[DOI]
  85. "Pressure and Principles: The EU’s Human Rights Sanctions on North Korea" (2021)[URL]
  86. Park, Hyun Ok., "The Capitalist Unconscious: from Korean Unification to Transnational Korea" (2016), Columbia University Press
  87. Park, Joowon., "Belonging in a house divided: the violence of the North Korean resettlement process" (2023), University of California Press
  88. Park, Joowon, "“I Can Send that Money to My Mother”: Remittances, Telecommunication and Post-Migration Strategies of North Koreans", Anthropology News, 53(2) (2012)
  89. Park, Joowon., "The Gendered Contours of North Korean Migration: Sexualized Bodies and the Violence of Phenotypical Normalization in South Korea", Asian Ethnicity, 17(2), pp.214~227 (2016)
  90. Park, Joowon., "Voices from War’s Legacies: Reconciliation and Violence in Inter‐Korean Family Reunions", Anthropology and Humanism, 45(1), pp.25~42 (2020)
  91. Park, Kyung-Ae, "Economic crisis, women's changing economic roles, and their implications for women's status in North Korea", Pacific Review, 24(2), pp.159~177 (2011)[DOI]
  92. Park, Kyung-Ae., "Engaging North Korea with Highculture Soft Power: Knowledge Sharing with Pyongyang", Pacific Affairs, 87(1), pp.29~41 (2014)
  93. Park, Yeonmi, "In Order to Live: A North Korean Girl’s Journey to Freedom" (2016), Penguin Books
  94. Ryang, Sonia., "North Korea : Toward a Better Understanding" (2009), Rowman and Littlefield
  95. Ryang, Sonia., "The Rise and Fall of Chongryun—From Chōnsenjin to Zainichi and Beyond", Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, 14, 15(11) (2016)
  96. Ryang, Sonia., "North Koreans in Japan : Language, Ideology, and Identity" (2018), Routledge
  97. Ryang, Sonia., "Diaspora without Homeland : Being Korean in Japan" (2018), University of California Press
  98. Satinover, Jeffrey., "Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth" (1996), Baker Books
  99. "The People Who Left the People’s Republic: A History of the North Korean Diaspora" (2018)[URL]
  100. Shannon, Richard W., "Advanced Education in North Korean Studies in the Asia-Pacific Region: Implications for Internationals and International Studies", Journal of North-East Asian Cultures (Korea), 66, pp.307~333 (2021)
  101. Shannon, Richard W., "Advanced Education in North Korean Studies outside the Asia Pacific: Findings from the Americas, Europe and Beyond", Journal of North-East Asian Cultures (Korea), 68, pp.305~338 (2021)
  102. Shannon, Richard W., "Japanese Worldviews, Ideologies and Foreign Aid Policy", PhD, pp.2008
  103. Shannon, Richard W., "Unpublished class handout for the class Area Studies and International Cooperation" (2024), Graduate School of International Studies, Pusan National University
  104. Shin, HaeRan, ed., "North Korean Defectors in Diaspora : Identities, Mobilities and Resettlements" (2022), Lexington Books
  105. Shin, HaeRan., "North Korean Defectors in Diaspora: Identities, Mobilities and Resettlements", pp.201~222 (2022), Lexington Books
  106. Shin, HaeRan., "North Korean Defectors in Diaspora: Identities, Mobilities and Resettlements", pp.1~20 (2022), Lexington Books
  107. Song, Jay., "The ‘Savage–Victim–Saviour’ Story Grammar of the North Korean Human Rights Industry", Asian Studies Review, 45(1), pp.48~66 (2021)
  108. Song, Jay., "Studying North Korea through North Korean migrants : Lessons from the Field", Critical Asian Studies, 51(3), pp.451~466 (2019)[DOI]
  109. Song, Jay., "The Hidden Variable: Environmental Migration from North Korea", Pacific Review (2020)[DOI]
  110. Song, Jay Jiyoung, "North Korean Secondary Asylum in the UK", Migration Studies, 7(2), pp.160~179 (2019)[DOI]
  111. "Post-2000s Trends in South Korean Research of North Korean Human Rights" (2022)[URL]
  112. Takaki, Ronald., "A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America" (1993), Little Brown Co.
  113. Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Human Rights Council Twenty-Fifth Session. Agenda item 4: Human Rights Situations that Require the Council's Attention, "United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea", United Nations, ~, pp.Report No. A (2014), HRC[DOI]
  114. Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Human Rights Council Twenty-Fifth Session. Agenda item 4: Human Rights Situations that Require the Council's Attention. Summary, "United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea", United Nations, ~, pp.Report No. A (2014), HRC[DOI]
  115. Van Arsdale, Peter W, "Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Anthropology" (2019), Oxford University Press
  116. Van Arsdale, Peter W., "Global Human Rights : People, Processes, and Principles" (2007), Waveland Press, Inc
  117. Van Arsdale, Peter W., "A Theory of Obligation", Journal of Humanitarian Assistance (2008)
  118. Walker, Ryan M., "Pillars of Power: An Anthropological Examination of Social Control in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea", M.A., pp.2015
  119. Warry, Wayne., "The Eleventh Thesis: Applied Anthropology as Praxis", Human Organization, 51(2), pp.155~163 (1992)
  120. "What is Anthropology?" (2024)[URL]
  121. "What is Applied Anthropology?"[URL]
  122. Wolf, Eric., "Europe and the People without History" (1982), University of California Press
  123. Yeo, Andrew I., "Alleviating Misery: The Politics of North Korean Human Rights in U.S. Foreign Policy", North Korean Review, 10(2), pp.71~87 (2021)
  124. Yeo, Andrew I., "North Korean Human Rights : Activists and Networks" (2019), Cambridge University Press
  125. Yi, Soon-Hyung, "The Social and Psychological Acculturation of North Korean Refugees" (2014), Seoul National University Press
  126. Yi, Sun-ok., "Eyes of the Tailless Animals : Prison Memoirs of a North Korean Woman" (1999), Living Sacrifice Book Co
  127. Yoon, Sunny, "Mobile Media and Its Impacts on Social Change and Human Rights in North Korea", International Journal of Communication, 14, pp.1480~1497 (2020)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (20건)