국제관계의 과학적 역사: 시뮬레이션과 반사실적 분석
Scientific History of International Relations: Simulations and Counterfactual Analyses
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본 논문에서는 ‘과학적 역사’에 대한 문제의식을 기반으로 하여 국제관계의 연구에서 어떻게 역사와 과학을 접목시킬 수 있는가에 관한 논의를 전개한다. 역사가 ‘단순한 사실’의 수집을 넘어서서 역사가들이 만들어내는 ‘지도’ 또는 ‘재구성’이라는 콜링우드의 역사관은 지금까지도 많은 공감대를 형성하고 있으며, 본 논문에서도 이러한 입장에 동조한다. 하지만 이러한 공감대가 어떻게 ‘과학적’ 방법으로 연결될 수 있는가에 대해서는 아직 깊은 논의들이 이루어지지 않고 있기 때문에 본 연구에서는 실제 사회과학에서 활용되고 있는 시뮬레이션과 반사실적 분석의 방법을 통하여 이러한 역사적 ‘재구성’이 어떻게 실천될 수 있는지를 살펴보고 그로부터 어떻게 과학적 역사가 가능할 수 있는지를 짚어보고 있다. 이러한 취지 아래 본 논문에서는 과학적 역사가 궁극적으로 역사가들의 주관적 시각과 이론을 바탕으로 하는 ‘재구성’이라는 점을 다시 한번 부각시킴과 동시에 그것을 위해 필요한 역사의 필연성과 상황의존성에 대한 기본적인 인식을 재평가한다. 이러한 논의 위에서 시뮬레이션 방법이 어떻게 필연성과 상황의존성을 조합한 ‘설명’의 메커니즘을 구축할 수 있는지, 그리고 반사실적 분석방법이 어떻게 적은 수의 사례만을 지닌 역사연구에서 가능한 대안의 역사경로를 만들어낼 수 있는지를 구체적으로 논의하고 있다. 그럼으로써 본 논문은 새로운 과학적 역사를 만들어낼 수 있는 가능성을 타진하고 있다.
Abstract
This paper discusses the possibility of combining historical and scientific approaches in the study of international relations, based upon existing discourses of scientific history. Collingwood's notion of mapping or reenactment of history, beyond the simple collection of crude facts, has been approved by many historians so far. This paper furthers this notion by investigating how the approval can be conducted scientifically as its performance in international relations has not been enough. This paper finds the way of conducting simulations and counterfactual analyses as the two promising methods in social sciences because they are useful tools for scientific reenactment of history.This paper emphasizes the role of the historians and their reenactment of history and reevaluate the implications of necessities and contingencies in reorganizing histories. Then, this paper discusses how the method of simulation can build the mechanism of explanation by combining both necessities and contingencies, and how the method of counterfactual analysis can produce alternative historical paths that are plausible in the real histories. With these details, the paper searches any possibility of restructuring a new kind of scientific history.
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