코스타리카 네그로포비아 기원과 전개: '검은도시' 리몽과 '백인피' 순혈주의의 충돌
The Origin and Development of Negrophobia in Costa Rica: The Clash between 'The Black City, Limon and the Costa Rican 'White Myth'
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Abstract
This article talks about the clash between the Costa Rican “white”racial myth and a city named Limón, known as a “black” city, locatedon the Atlantic coast of the country. Throughout the colonial period,Costa Rica was isolated from taking part in any economic activityorganized by Europe. This was due to three main reasons: first, CostaRica did not have gold or silver mines to catch the Europeans’ attention;second, there was a lack of labor force due to the absence of aboriginals;and third, there were not adequate geographical conditions formaintaining plantations on a large scale. Hence, when Costa Ricagained its independence, the country was allowed to begin its newhistory without inheriting some of the consequences of colonialism,such as a mestizo population of European, black and indigenouspeoples. Costa Rica was actually far less mestizo when comparedto other Latin American countries. The country chose to distinguishitself from others by searching for a national identity based on the“pure blood” of white Europeans. In the early 19th century, therepopulation was at the scant level of 150,000 with most engaged incoffee production in the central valley area. In this situation, thescarcity of labor force became a serious problem when the countryplanned to build a railroad that connected the Atlantic coast withSan José, the capital. Ultimately, when the railroad project was initiated,Costa Rica had to import laborers from populations of Africandescendants, who had already dedicated themselves to railroadconstruction in various Latin American countries after emancipationsfrom slavery in the Caribbean. This in turn threatened the “white”myth that Costa Ricans held, claiming themselves as descendantsof Europeans instead of mestizo peoples. Thus, this circumstanceprovoked a partly xenophobic reaction from the Costa Rican peoplein regards to the arrival of African-descended Caribbean laborers. This reaction was characterized by discrimination and isolation ofblacks. In the process, a city of mostly black inhabitants began toform. This city is called Limón and is known among the “white”Costa Rican population as the “black city”. This article analyzes thecharacteristics generated by these processes in the context ofdiscrimination, exclusion, and alliances among black peoples on aninternational level.
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