차베스 정부 시기 베네수엘라 노동자들의 노동조건
Labor Conditions of Venzuelan Workers Under Chávez
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While it is widely agreed that the Chávez government has a close relationship with labor unions based on its pro-labor stance, there has been some controversy over whether labor conditions have become better or worse, and whether labor unions have exerted a significant influence on the government's policy decisions; additional concerns address whether labor unions have strengthened its organizational capacity. It is the aim of this study to assess whether labor conditions have improved or not under Chávez, and to analyze how such a change in labor conditions has been brought about; we also identify some of the methods by which the regime of labor operates in relation to the Chávez government. During the Chávez era, there is little evidence to confirm the improvement of labor conditions, except for the drop in the unemployment rate and the increase of minimum wage, currently higher than the average income growth. Venezuelan workers did not improve their labor conditions owing to weakening labor unions which were unable to expand the coverage of collective contracts. Three mechanisms could be identified as constraints on the improvement of labor conditions: 1] active intervention by the Chávez government in labor union activities, guided by a strong ideological bias, 2] the ever-intensifying internal strife within the pro-Chávez labor union movement with the growing supremacy of a corporatist fraction, and 3] the criminalization of union strikes which are denied legal regconition. These three mechanisms have been produced and reproduced within the power structure with Chávez at the peak of the hierarchy. This type of pseudo-corporatist regime is designed with the objective of labor control. The labor union movement is in the position of an inferior partner of the regime, and is supposed to follow the directions given by the ruling party and its government without any contention. This political design results in the abandonment of union autonomy along with the concerns for the improvement of labor conditions.
Abstract
While it is widely agreed that the Chávez government has a close relationship with labor unions based on its pro-labor stance, there has been some controversy over whether labor conditions have become better or worse, and whether labor unions have exerted a significant influence on the government's policy decisions; additional concerns address whether labor unions have strengthened its organizational capacity. It is the aim of this study to assess whether labor conditions have improved or not under Chávez, and to analyze how such a change in labor conditions has been brought about; we also identify some of the methods by which the regime of labor operates in relation to the Chávez government. During the Chávez era, there is little evidence to confirm the improvement of labor conditions, except for the drop in the unemployment rate and the increase of minimum wage, currently higher than the average income growth. Venezuelan workers did not improve their labor conditions owing to weakening labor unions which were unable to expand the coverage of collective contracts. Three mechanisms could be identified as constraints on the improvement of labor conditions: 1] active intervention by the Chávez government in labor union activities, guided by a strong ideological bias, 2] the ever-intensifying internal strife within the pro-Chávez labor union movement with the growing supremacy of a corporatist fraction, and 3] the criminalization of union strikes which are denied legal regconition. These three mechanisms have been produced and reproduced within the power structure with Chávez at the peak of the hierarchy. This type of pseudo-corporatist regime is designed with the objective of labor control. The labor union movement is in the position of an inferior partner of the regime, and is supposed to follow the directions given by the ruling party and its government without any contention. This political design results in the abandonment of union autonomy along with the concerns for the improvement of labor conditions.
참고문헌 (85)
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