유럽공통매매법(CESL)상 계약성립단계에서의 법적 기준에 관한 비교 연구
A Comparative Study on the Legal Bases of the Formation of Contracting Stages under Common European Sales Law
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초록
CESL은 EU 역내 계약법을 개정하지 않고 개별회원국이 채택하는 경우 특별법의 지위를 점할 수 있도록 성안되었다. 이에 CESL은 국제상사계약에 있어 계약당사자의 합의에 따라 자발적으로 적용된다. CESL상 계약당사자의 의무 및 불이행에 관한 규정체계는 구체적이고도 광범위하다. 주요 내용은 의사표시하자, 계약의 현저한 불균형 내지 불공정성, 표준약관 삽입과 관련한 법적 유효성, 소유권 또는 담보권의 이전에 대한 법률효과, 계약의 유효성, 서비스 계약 및 디지털 콘텐츠와 관련한 계약 등이다. 이 경우 CESL은 서식의 교전에 관한 규정을 보유하여 보다 포괄적이고 응집된 규칙을 보유하고 있는 특징이 있다. CESL은 독립적으로 그리고 당해 목적과 일반원칙에 따라 해석되어져야 하고, 나아가 CESL의 범위 내에 있지만 명시적으로 규정하고 있지 않는 사안에 대하여도 그 처지는 마찬가지다. CESL의 적용에 대하여는 해석, 합리성, 불요식, 개별적으로 협상되지 않는 계약내용, 계약의 해제, 혼합목적의 계약, 통지, 기간의 계산, 일방적인 진술 또는 행동 등이다. CESL은 계약체결 전 일방이 계약내용에 기한 정보를 제공하지 않을 경우 신의 및 공정거래 위반에 해당되는 것으로 취급하고 있다. 나아가 원거리 계약의 경우 전자적 방법의 계약체결을 용인하고 있고 계약체결 전 또는 체결 시 정보를 제공하는 일방은 계약내용의 구속력 확보를 위해 그리고 특정장소에서 당해 의무를 준수하기 위한 정보가 정확히 전달되었음을 확인할 수 있도록 합리적 주의의무를 부과하고 있다. 만약 당해 의무위반에 기하여 부정하거나 잘못된 정보가 제공된 경우 타방은 특단의 구제권을 행사할 수 있다. CESL은 당사자의 합의, 합의에 기한 법적 구속력, 충분한 계약의 내용과 확실성 등을 계약체결의 요건으로 두고 있다. 또한 의사표시의 하자에 기하여 착오ㆍ사기ㆍ강박ㆍ부당한 착취에 대해 계약을 취소할 수 있는 권리를 보장하고 있으며, 취소통지, 취소효과, 추인, 손해배상금, 구제수단의 배제 또는 제안과 구제수단의 선택 등을 이에 추보하고 있다. 나아가 계약내용의 해석기준으로서 계약내용 해석의 원칙, 계약내용 및 그 효력, 불공정한 계약내용 등으로 구분하여 다루고 있는 특징이 있다.
Abstract
This study is for providing the starting clue in improving the clear and legal understanding of the Common European Sales Law(CESL) for traders and practitioners on a comparative analysis with the UN Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods(CISG). First, regarding the legal bases of the contents of a contract, they are composed of defects in consent, gross disparity or unfairness of contract, legal uncertainty on insertion of an element of the trader's standard terms and conditions, legal effect on transfer of ownership or security right, and validity of contract. A contract for the supply of digital content or a related service contract is also added to the CESL together with a sales contract. Furthermore, it covers the provisions on battle of forms and therefore, has comprehensive and condensed contract rules. Second, the legal bases on conclusion of contract are very concrete and comprehensive as mentioned above. In other words, the rules of the CESL are interpreted autonomously in accordance with the well-established principles on the interpretation of Union legislation and its purpose. Furthermore, questions concerning matters falling within the scope of the CESL which are not expressly settled but it should be resolved only by interpretation of its rules without recourse to any other law. For the application of the CESL, it sets out interpretation, reasonableness, no form required, not individually negotiated contract terms, termination of a contract, mixed-purpose contracts, notice, and computation of time, and unilateral statements or conduct. Third, regarding the legal bases on the pre-contractual conclusion step, if a supplier does not provide the information in question before the conclusion of a contract for the sale of goods, supply of digital content or provision of related services in relation to pre-contractual information to be given by a trader dealing with another trade, the CESL treats such case as violation of good faith and fair dealing. Furthermore, regarding distance contracts, the CESL accepts the conclusion of contract by electronic means in case where electronic mail or other individual communication is not designated. A party who should provide information to the other party before or at the time a contract is concluded, has a duty to take resonable care to ensure that information supplied is delivered correctly in order to secure making a binding contract and also to observe the obligations mentioned otherwise in the CESL. Under B2B transaction, the CESL sets out that a party who supplies information before or at the time of the contract is concluded, has a duty to take a reasonable care. If incorrect or misleading information has been supplied to the other party in breach of the duty, the CESL allows that party to refer to the remedies, who reasonably relies on that information in concluding a contract with the party who supplied it. Fourth, as the legal bases on formation of contract stage, the CESL states the agreement of the parties to an contract, legal binding by the agreement, sufficient content and certainty to be given legal effect as the requirements for the conclusion of a contract. Also, in case of defects in consent, it deals with a party's right to avoid a contract if the other party had induced the conclusion of the contract in mistake, by fraud or threats or unfair exploitation. In addition, it covers notice of avoidance, effects of avoidance, confirmation, damages for loss, exclusion or restriction of remedies, and choice of remedies, Furthermore, as the interpretation base, it covers general rules on interpretation of contracts, contents and effects, and unfair contract terms.
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