중국 패권주의와 신형 대국관계
China’s Pursuit of Hegemonic Power and the New Type of Great Power Relations Between the United States and China
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오바마 2기, 시진핑의 제5세대 지도부가 들어선 이래로 미중관계는 미묘한 긴장관계로 들어가고 있다. 미국의 ‘아시아로의 재균형 (rebalancing) 내지 회귀 (pivot to Asia)’에 대해 중국은 ‘신형대국관계’를 제시하였고, 향후 중국의 대미정책은 이 새로운 개념을 바탕으로 재조정될 양상이다. 그렇다면 신형대국관계란 무엇인가? 중국이 추구하고자 하는 바는 무엇인가? 중국은 과연 패권주의를 추구하고 있는가? 본 논고는 구성주의적 시각에서 중국패권주의와 신형대국관계론의 연관성을 살펴본다. 우선 중국 국가비전에 대한 거대담론인 대국론을 패권주의 시각에서 기존의 질서와 어느 정도 타협하면서 중국의 정체성과 영향력을 점진적으로 투사해 나가는 제한적 패권주의와 미국주도의 현 국제질서를 대체하려는 역(逆)패권주의 차원에서 분석해 본다. 그리고 중국의 공식외교정책인 화평발전이 대국론과 어떻게 개념적으로 연관되어 있는가를 고찰해보고 그 패권주의 성향을 살펴 본 후 신형대국관계론의 전략적 의미를 분석해 보고자 한다. 중국의 국가대전략 담론과 그와 연관된 전략개념들을 종합해 보면 중국은 급속한 국력신장을 바탕으로 대국건설을 통한 중화정체성의 회복을 위해 패권주의를 추구하고자 하며, 이를 위한 총체적 국가대전략으로 화평발전을 그리고 화평발전을 이루기 위한 강대국관리전략으로서 신형대국관계를 제시하고 있음을 본 논고는 강조한다.
Abstract
As the second term of the Obama administration begins and Xi Jinping’s fifth generation of leadership take office, the US-China relationship has been increasingly delicate and tense. Xi Jinping has proposed ‘a new type of great power relations between the United States and China’ in response to the US policy of ‘rebalancing to Asia.’ It seems that much of Beijing’s US policy would be recalibrated to incorporate the rebalance concept. What does China mean by ‘the new type of great power relations’? What does it intend to pursue? Will China pursue hegemonic power? This paper, from a constructivist perspective, tries to show how the conceptual meaning of ‘the new type of great power relations’ is related to China’s pursuit of hegemony. This paper first analyzes the hegemonic nature of the ‘Great State Theory,’ a macro-discourse on the vision of China’s future, from two angles: a bounded hegemony that compromises with the existing world order and gradually expands the projection of its identity and influence, and a counter-hegemony that attempts to challenge and replace the current US-dominant world order. Then, this paper explores how the Chinese foreign policy of ‘Peaceful Development’ is related to the Great State Theory and China’s pursuit of hegemonic power. Using this analysis, it then attempts to uncover the strategic meaning of ‘a new type of great power relations.’ This paper argues that analysis of discourse and strategic concept regarding China’s grand strategy shows that China, with its rapid growth of national capacity, intends to pursue hegemonic power status in the international community with a view to constructing itself as a great power and, in doing so, restoring its Sino-centric identity. “Peaceful development” seeks to achieve this purpose. In that context, ‘the new type of great power relations’ has been proposed to manage China’s relations with great powers.
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