중국의 “재외국민보호” 업무 강화와 군사력의 확장: 국제정치적 함의
Strengthening China's “Protection of Citizens Abroad” and Expanding Military Power: International Political Implications
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초록
재외국민보호는 주권 국가가 지닌 외교의 핵심 업무 중 하나임과 동시에, 특정 국가가 타국에 대해 무력을 사용할 수 있는 명분을 제공해오기도 했다. 본 논문은 부상한 중국이 향후 재외국민보호를 명분으로 국제사회에서 군사적 영향력의 확대를 시도할 가능성을 고찰하고, 이것이 갖는 국제정치학적 함의에 대해 살펴본다. 연구를 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 도출할 수 있다. 먼저 중국은 재외국민보호 과정에서 무력을 사용할 수 있는 국내법적인 기반을 구축하였다. 이것은 2020년 개정된 「국방법」과 2015년 제정된 「국가안전법」, 그리고 2022년 시진핑 주석이 서명한 「군대의 비전쟁행동요강」에서 잘 나타난다. 다음으로 중국과 솔로몬제도가 체결한 협의는 향후 재외국민보호를 내세워 군사적 영향력을 확대하고자 하는 중국 정부의 의지가 반영된 사례로 볼 수 있다. 우리로선 중국이 일대일로 등 자국이 주도하는 정책을 투사하는 과정에서, 재외국민 및 기업 보호를 명분으로 해외 군사기지를 건설하거나 직접 군을 투입할 가능성을 주의 깊게 관찰할 필요가 있다. 결국 중국의 재외국민보호정책 강화는 곧 국제사회에서의 자국 군사력 영향력 투사로 이어질 것이며, 이는 미중관계의 또 다른 갈등요인으로 부상할 것으로 전망된다.
Abstract
Protection of overseas citizens is one of the core tasks of diplomacy for a sovereign state, and at the same time provides a justification to use force against other states. This paper examines the possibility of China's attempt to expand its military power in the name of protecting overseas citizens and the international political implications of doing so. The following conclusions can be drawn. First, China established a domestic legal basis for using force to protect overseas citizens. This is evident in the 「National Defense Law」 revised in 2020, the 「National Security Law」 enacted in 2015, and the 「Outline order on non-war military activities」 signed by President Xi Jinping in 2022. The agreement between China and the Solomon Islands is an example of the Chinese government's willingness to expand its military influence by promoting the protection of overseas citizens. We need to carefully watch to see if China builds overseas military bases or directly deploys troops to protect overseas citizens and companies as it implements policies such as The Belt and Road initiative. China's strengthening of “Protection of Citizens Abroad” will lead to its military influence projection, which is expected to emerge as another source of conflict in U.S.-China relations.
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