동적 시각 단서가 인지부하와 학습 성과에 미치는 영향: 공간능력 요인의 조절효과를 중심으로
The effects of dynamic visual cues on cognitive load and learning outcomes with a focus on the moderating effects of spatial ability factors
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
오늘날의 교수학습은 영역 일반적 핵심역량 개발을 위한 학습목표의 변화와, 오프라인에서 온라인으로의 전환으로 인해 학습형태의 변화를 겪고 있다. 연구자들은 이 두 가지 변화에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 학습자 특성으로 공간능력에 주목하고 있으며, 공간능력은 학습과정과 성취에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인으로 보고되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 동영상 학습과정에서, 동적 시각 단서 제시여부에 따른 인지부하의 차이를 시각 행동을 통해 분석하였으며, 학습자의 공간능력 요인이 동적 시각 단서와 학습 중의 인지부하 관계에서 상호작용 효과를 나타내는지 분석하였다. 마지막으로 학습자의 공간능력과 인지부하가 학습 성과를 예측하는지 분석하였다. 연구를 위해 총 72명의 데이터를 분석하였고, 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 동적 시각 단서 제시여부에 따른 인지부하의 차이는 부분적으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 동적 시각 단서와 공간작업기억이 인지부하 지표 중 시선도약 빈도에 미치는 주효과 및 상호작용 효과가 유의하게 나타났다. 셋째, 학습 성과를 성취도로 한 경우, 공간작업기억과 평균 시선고정 빈도가 통계적으로 유의하게 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 학습 성과를 문제풀이 시간으로 한 경우, 학습자의 시각적 변별과 시선도약 빈도가 통계적으로 유의하게 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 원격 학습 환경에서 인지부하의 발생 원인을 알 수 있는 유용한 방법론을 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있으며, 특히 공간능력이 낮은 학습자를 대상으로 원격 학습을 설계할 경우 외재적 인지부하를 유발하는 시각적 요소 관리에 더욱 주의할 것을 제언하였다.
Abstract
Today, the form of teaching and learning is undergoing many changes. The learning goal was changed by emphasizing the development of domain-general core competencies, and it was changed from offline to online. Researchers are focusing on spatial ability as a learner characteristic that can influence these changes. Spatial ability has been reported as a factor that can influence the learning process and achievement. In this study, the difference in cognitive load according to the presentation of dynamic visual cues in the video learning process was analyzed through visual behaviors. In addition, it was analyzed whether the learner’s spatial ability had an interactive effect on the relationship between dynamic visual cues and cognitive load. finally, it was analyzed whether the learner’s spatial ability and cognitive load predict learning performance. The results of analyzing the data of a total of 72 people are as follows. First, the difference in cognitive load according to the presentation of dynamic visual cues was partially significant. Second, the main effects and interaction effects of dynamic visual cues and spatial ability on cognitive load indicators were found to be significant. Third, some of the spatial ability and cognitive load indicators were found to significantly predict learning outcomes. This study is significant in that it presents a useful methodology to determine the cause of cognitive load in a distance learning environment. In particular, when designing distance learning for learners with low spatial ability, it was suggested that more attention should be paid to the management of visual elements.
참고문헌 (51)
- 김정현, "생리심리 반응을 활용한 학습분석학 탐색", 박사, pp.2017
- 김정현, "복합문제 풀이(complex problem solving) 상황에서 인지부하의 객관적 측정방법 탐색", 학습자중심교과교육연구, 19(15), pp.25~44 (2019), 학습자중심교과교육학회[DOI]
- 류지헌, "인지 부하 측정을 위한 구인의 탐색 및 타당화", 교육정보미디어연구, 15(2), pp.1~27 (2009), 한국교육정보미디어학회
- 박진희, "간호대학생에서 e-러닝의 학업성취도 영향요인 -웹기반 건강사정 전자교과서를 중심으로-", Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 40(2), pp.182~190 (2010), 한국간호과학회
- 박혜정, "동영상 학습 환경에서 인지부하의 변화 및 학습성과와의 상관관계", 교육정보미디어연구, 25(4), pp.797~826 (2019), 한국교육정보미디어학회[DOI]
- 한국교육과정평가원 발간자료, "2012", ~
- "삼성․KT․네이버 등 하반기 신입공채 ‘비대면’이 대세" (2020)[URL]
- Alpizar, D., "A meta-analysis of signaling principle in multimedia learning environments", Educational Technology Research and Development, 5, pp.1~25 (2020)
- Beatty, J., "The pupillary system", Handbook of psychophysiology, 2, pp.142~162 (2000)
- Buckley, J., "A heuristic framework of spatial abilities : A review and synthesis of spatial factor literature to support its translation into STEM education", Educational Psychology Review, 30(3), pp.947~972 (2018)
- Castro-Alonso, J. C., "Instructional visualizations, cognitive load theory, and visuospatial processing", Visuospatial processing for education in health and natural sciences, 3, pp.111~143 (2019)
- Chandler, P., "Cognitive load theory and the format of instruction", Cognition and instruction, 8(4), pp.293~332 (1991)
- Clark, J. M., "Dual coding theory and education", Educational psychology review, 3(3), pp.149~210 (1991)
- Corsi, P. M., "Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain", Doctoral, pp.1972
- De Koning, B. B., "Attention cueing as a means to enhance learning from an animation", Applied Cognitive Psychology : the Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 21(6), pp.731~746 (2007)
- De Koning, B. B., "Towards a framework for attention cueing in instructional animations : Guidelines for research and design", Educational Psychology Review, 21(2), pp.113~140 (2009)
- Del Grande, J., "Spatial perception and primary geometry", Learning and teaching geometry, 12, pp.127~135 (1987)
- Del Grande, J., "Spatial sense", The Arithmetic Teacher, 37(6), pp.14~ (1990)
- Frostig, M., "The Frostig program for the development of visual perception: Teacher's guide" (1965), Follett Publishing Company in collaboration with Curriculum Materials Laboratories
- Gass, S. M., "Stimulated recall methodology in second language research" (2000), Routledge
- Hays, T. A., "Spatial abilities and the effects of computer animation on short-term and long-term comprehension", Journal of educational computing research, 14(2), pp.139~155 (1996)
- Hayes, A. F., "Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis : A regression-based approach" (2013), Guilford publications
- Hegarty, M., "The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning", pp.447~465 (2005)
- Hegarty, M., "Individual differences in mental animation during mechanical reasoning", Memory & Cognition, 22(4), pp.411~430 (1994)
- Hoffer, S. A., "Ratio, Proportion and Scaling" (1975), Mathematics Resource Project
- Kaushal, R. K., "Improving Learning Outcome with Segmentation and Cueing", Journal of Engineering Education Transformations, 35(1), pp.60~65 (2021)
- Klingner, J. M., "Measuring cognitive load during visual tasks by combining pupillometry and eye tracking", Doctoral, pp.2010
- Krämer, N. C., "Psychological research on embodied conversational agents: the case of pedagogical agents", Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 22(2), pp.47~51 (2010)
- Krämer, N. C., "Personalizing e-learning. The social effects of pedagogical agents", Educational Psychology Review, 22(1), pp.71~87 (2010)
- Lam, B. L., "The prevalence of simple anisocoria", American journal of ophthalmology, 104(1), pp.69~73 (1987)
- Lee, G., "Modulation of resource allocation by intelligent individuals in linguistic, mathematical and visuo-spatial tasks", International Journal of Psychophysiology, 97(1), pp.14~22 (2015)
- Mautone, P. D., "Signaling as a cognitive guide in multimedia learning", Journal of educational Psychology, 93(2), pp.377~ (2001)
- Mayer, R. E., "Principles of multimedia design", pp.183~194 (2001), Multimedia learning
- Mayer, R. E., "The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning", pp.3148~ (2005)
- Mayer, R. E., "Multimedia Learning" (2009), Cambridge University Press
- Mayer, R. E., "Animations need narrations : An experimental test of a dual-coding hypothesis", Journal of educational psychology, 83(4), pp.484~ (1991)
- Mayer, R. E., "For whom is a picture worth a thousand words? Extensions of a dual-coding theory of multimedia learning", Journal of educational psychology, 86(3), pp.389~ (1994)
- Moreno, R., "Interactive multimodal learning environments", Educational psychology review, 19(3), pp.309~326 (2007)
- Paivio, A., "Imagery", pp.7~32 (1971), Academic Press
- Plass, J. L., "Cognitive load theory" (2010), Cambridge university press
- Roach, V. A., "Guiding low spatial abilities individuals through visual cueing : The dual importance of where and when to look", Anatomical Sciences Education, 12(1), pp.32~42 (2019)
- Schnotz, W., "Learning with animation: Research implications for design", pp.304~356 (2008)
- Schüler, A., "The role of working memory in multimedia instruction : Is working memory working during learning from text and pictures?", Educational Psychology Review, 23(3), pp.389~411 (2011)
- Shephard, R. N., "Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects", Science, 171, pp.701~703 (1971)
- Sorby, S., "Does spatial skills instruction improve STEM outcomes? The answer is ‘yes’", Learning and Individual Differences, 67, pp.209~222 (2018)
- Stoet, G., "PsyToolkit-A software package for programming psychological experiments using Linux", Behavior Research Methods, 42(4), pp.1096~1104 (2010)
- Stoet, G., "PsyToolkit : A novel web-based method for running online questionnaires and reaction-time experiments", Teaching of Psychology, 44(1), pp.24~31 (2017)
- Cognitive Load Theory. volume 1 of Explorations in the Learning Sciences, "Sweller, J.", Instructional Systems and Performance Technologies, ~ (2011)
- Torner, J., "Virtual Reality application to improve spatial ability of engineering students", Proceedings of the 2016-24th International Conference of the WSCG, pp.69~77 (2016)
- Wai, J., "spatial abilities for STEM domains : Aligning over 50 years of cumulative psychological knowledge solidifies its importance", Journal of educational Psychology, 101(4), pp.817~ (2009)
- Xiao, Z., "Cubicle : An adaptive educational gaming platform for training spatial visualization skills", 23rd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp.91~101 (2018)
