동영상 강의에서 메타인지 지원이 학습결과 예측에 미치는 영향: 다중양식 학습분석을 중심으로
Influence of metacognitive support on predicting learning outcomes in video lectures: Using multimodal learning analytics
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코로나19 팬데믹으로 인해 비대면 교육이 증가하면서 동영상 강의의 중요도가 높아졌다. 동영상 강의의 효과를 높이기 위해서는 교수자가 학습결과를 사전에 예측하여 학습 지원을 적시에 제공하는 것이 필요하다. 최근에는 학습결과 예측의 정확도를 높이기 위해서 생리심리데이터를 포함하여 다양한 학습 데이터를 통합적으로 수집하고 분석하는 다중양식 학습분석 연구가 증가하고 있다. 하지만 예측 모델이 다양한 학습 맥락에 일반화 가능한지에 대한 연구는 부족하다. 본 연구는 동영상 학습결과를 예측하는 주요 요인인 메타인지 활동에 초점을 두고, 동영상 강의에서 메타인지 지원 여부가 학습결과 예측 모델에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 탐구하고자 한다. 이를 위해 총 33명의 학습자를 메타인지 지원 집단(n=17)과 메타인지 미지원 집단(n=16)으로 무선 할당하고, 개별적으로 약 40분 동안 인체의 삼투압에 대한 동영상 강의를 학습하도록 하였다. 다중양식 학습분석을 위해 동영상 학습 과정을 영상으로 촬영하고, 손목밴드를 이용하여 피부전도도를 측정하고, 설문지로 인지부하를 측정하고, 사전 및 사후 검사를 실시하였다. 이렇게 수집된 데이터와 다양한 머신러닝 알고리즘을 이용해서 학습결과 상․하 집단을 예측하는 모델을 만들고, 각 모델의 성능을 평가하여 최적의 예측 모델을 도출하였다. 연구 결과, 메타인지 지원 여부에 따라 최적의 동영상 학습결과 예측 모델이 서로 상이하게 나타났다. 메타인지 미지원 집단에서는 메타인지 활동과 피부전도도로 측정한 각성도가 최적 모델의 예측 변인으로 나타났지만, 메타인지 지원 집단에서는 인지부하와 사전지식 수준이 최적 모델의 예측 변인으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 메타인지 지원과 같은 교수 방법의 변화가 예측 모델에 주요한 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 보여주며, 이는 예측 모델을 새로운 맥락에 적용할 때 많은 주의가 필요하다는 것을 시사한다.
Abstract
Video lectures have played an important role during the COVID-19 pandemic, which significantly increased remote learning in school. To enhance the effectiveness of video lectures, instructors should predict students’ learning outcomes and provide learning supports at the right time. Recently, multimodal learning analytics has been developed in order to accurately predict learning outcomes using diverse learning data like psychophysiological measures. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research on whether a prediction model is generalizable across diverse learning contexts using different instructional methods. This research intends to explore the influence of metacognitive support on the prediction model of learning outcomes in video lectures. A total of 33 learners were randomly assigned to metacognitive support (n=17) and non-support (n=16) groups, and they individually studied video lectures of the osmotic pressure in the human body for 40 minutes. This study recorded the learning process with video, measured skin conductance responses with a wristband, collected the data of cognitive load using a survey, and conducted pre- and post-tests. Using the data collected, machine learning algorithms generated models to predict high- and low-achievement groups, and an optimal prediction model was selected through evaluating the performance of the models. This study found that the optimal prediction model of the metacognitive support group was different from that of the non-support group. In the non-support group, metacognitive activities and arousal levels measured by skin conductance responses were included in the optimal prediction model, whereas cognitive load and prior knowledge were included in the optimal prediction model of the metacognitive support group. This study shows that instructional methods like metacognitive support can significantly influence predicting learning outcomes in video lectures, so prediction models should be carefully applied to novel learning contexts.
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