한국의 원양어업 IUU어업지수 개선방안 연구
A study on improving the IUU Fishing Index of Korea's distant water fisheries
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초록
IUU어업지수는 40개 지표로 구성되었다. 이 지표들은 IUU어업에 대한 세계행동전략(FAO IPOA-IUU, 2001)에서 정의된 국가의 책임별(연안국, 기국, 항구국, 시장을 포함한 일반) 지표 그룹을 다시 취약성, 만연성, 대응성 유형으로 지표 그룹화 하였다. 조사는 152개 연안국을 대상으로 하였다. IUU어업지수는 각 지표별 5계급으로 1에서 5점을 부여하였으며, 유형별 및 책임별 지표군 점수는 산술가중평균값이다. 여기서 1점은 최고 점수이며 5점은 최저 점수이다. 한국은 2004년 IPOA-IUU의 규정에 따라 국가행동계획(Korea NPOA-IUU)을 마련하고 2년 마다 경과를 업데이트 하고 있다. 또한, 한-EU IUU근절 협력(2018) 및‘IUU어업 행동동맹 선언국 참여(IUU-AA, 2022)’등 정부의 관심과 노력이 지대하다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 한국의 IUU어업지수는 2019년 대비 2021년 중국과 러시아 다음으로 하위 3위로 하락하였다. IUU어업지수는 한국 원양어업의 IUU어업의 근절과 지속가능한 어업을 위해서는 어업현장에 대한 관리개입의 강화가 필요하다는 증거가 제시하였다. 국가 당국의 관리개입 수단은 MCS이다. 원양은 육상, 항공 및 해상 감시가 거의 불가능하기 때문에 MCS의 관측수단인 조업정보, 옵서버프로그램과 전자모니터링에 의한 MCS전략의 강화가 필요하다. 또한, 현재 어업현장의 조업관행의 개선에 널리 활용되고 있는 민간 어업거버넌스인 MSC어업 인증과 어업개선사업이 원양어업의 IUU어업근절과 지속가능어업에 기여할 것으로 고찰하였다.
Abstract
The IUU Fishing Index is composed of 40 indicators. These indicators were grouped by state responsibilities (flag, coastal, port, and general including market) defined in the FAO IPOA-IUU (2001) and then by type into vulnerability, prevalence, and response. A total of 152 coastal nations was surveyed. Korea's total combined IUU Fishing Index was 2.49 in 2019 and 2.91 in 2021, indicating a drop in the ranking to the third worst out of 152 countries followed by China and Russia in 2021. The indicators that increased the IUU fishing risk in 2021 compared to 2019 included seven indicators of prevalence and two indicators of response while those reducing the risk included one prevalence and one response indicator. The IUU Fishing Index revealed that many fisheries observers and monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) practitioners active in the waters of RFMOs jurisdiction where Korean distant water vessels operate have mentioned concerns about the compliance with RFMO conservation measures or fishing practices. It suggested that strengthening management intervention in the fishing sector is needed. The primary tool for management is the MCS system. Given the logistical difficulty of oversight from land, air and at-sea, there is a need to enhance MCS strategies through logbook data, at-sea observer and electronic monitoring program. It also suggested that MSC fisheries certification and fisheries improvement projects, which are widely used for improving fishing sector performance, could contribute to the eradication of IUU fishing and the promotion of sustainable distant water fisheries.
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