대기 중 폴리브롬화디페닐에테르의 소나무 잎, 소나무 껍질 및 토양으로의 침착 특성
Depositional Characteristics of Atmospheric PBDEs on Pine Needles, Bark and Soil
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Objective: This study was carried out in order to determine the depositional characteristics of pine needles, pinebark, and soil used as a passive air sampler (PAS) for atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Methods: All three media were sampled from the same site. The PBDE concentrations were analyzed byHRGC/HRMS, and the lipid contents were measured using the gravimetric method by n-hexane extraction. Results: The total PBDE concentration was the highest in soil (22,274.57 pg/g dry), followed by pine bark(20,266.39 pg/g dry), and then pine needles (7,380.22 pg/g dry). Pine needles contained the highest lipid contents(21.31 mg/g dry), whereas soil (10.01 mg/g dry), and pine bark (4.85 mg/g dry) contained less. There were poorcorrelations between lipid content and total PBDE concentrations in the media (R2=0.8216, p=0.2814). Congeners BDE 47, 99, 183, 196, 197, 206, 207 and 209 showed peak concentrations. Among these, BDE 206,207, and 209 are highly brominated PBDEs that exist as particulates in ambient air. They accounted for 81.2%[69.2 (pine needles) - 89.0% (tree bark)] of the concentration and therefore are noted as the main congener ofthe total PBDEs. Conclusions: It can therefore be concluded that for reducing error by improper sampling, the same species ofmedia should be recommended for use as a PAS for atmospheric PBDEs due to the differences in depositionalcharacteristics.
Abstract
Objective: This study was carried out in order to determine the depositional characteristics of pine needles, pinebark, and soil used as a passive air sampler (PAS) for atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Methods: All three media were sampled from the same site. The PBDE concentrations were analyzed byHRGC/HRMS, and the lipid contents were measured using the gravimetric method by n-hexane extraction. Results: The total PBDE concentration was the highest in soil (22,274.57 pg/g dry), followed by pine bark(20,266.39 pg/g dry), and then pine needles (7,380.22 pg/g dry). Pine needles contained the highest lipid contents(21.31 mg/g dry), whereas soil (10.01 mg/g dry), and pine bark (4.85 mg/g dry) contained less. There were poorcorrelations between lipid content and total PBDE concentrations in the media (R2=0.8216, p=0.2814). Congeners BDE 47, 99, 183, 196, 197, 206, 207 and 209 showed peak concentrations. Among these, BDE 206,207, and 209 are highly brominated PBDEs that exist as particulates in ambient air. They accounted for 81.2%[69.2 (pine needles) - 89.0% (tree bark)] of the concentration and therefore are noted as the main congener ofthe total PBDEs. Conclusions: It can therefore be concluded that for reducing error by improper sampling, the same species ofmedia should be recommended for use as a PAS for atmospheric PBDEs due to the differences in depositionalcharacteristics.
참고문헌 (38)
- Covaci V, "Novel brominated flame retardants : A review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour", Environ Int, 37(2), pp.532~556 (2011)
- Wania F, "Assessing the long range transport potential of polybrominated diphenyl ethers : A comparison of four multimedia models", Environ Toxicol Chem, 22, pp.252~1261 (2003)
- Dodder NG, "Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and several organochlorine compounds in fishes from the northeastern United States", Environ Sci Technol, 36(2), pp.146~151 (2002)
- Hites RA, "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations", Environ Sci Technol, 38(4), pp.945~956 (2004)
- 여현구, "안성 지역 소나무 잎과 토양 중 PBDEs의 농도 수준 및 특성", 한국환경보건학회지, 32(2), pp.111~117 (2006), 한국환경보건학회
- 여현구, "소나무 잎 중 PBDEs의 조성, 발생원 및 지역적 농도", 대한환경공학회지, 28(8), pp.829~835 (2006), 대한환경공학회
- Hallgren S, "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)and chlorinated paraffins(CPs) in rat-testing interactions and mechanisms for thyroid hormone effects", Toxicology, 177(2-3), pp.227~243 (2002)
- "Stockholm Convention"[URL]
- Eitzer BD, "Atmospheric transport and deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans", Environ Sci Technol, 23(11), pp.1396~1401 (1989)
- Gareth T, "Air-pasture transfer of PCBs", Environ Sci Technol, 32(7), pp.936~942 (1998)
- Bacci E, "Chlorinated dioxins: volatilization from soils and bioconcentration in plant leaves", Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 48(3), pp.401~408 (1992)
- 여현구, "서울 대기 중 PCBs의 온도 의존성", 한국대기환경학회지, 18(3), pp.193~204 (2002), 한국대기환경학회
- Falconer RL, "Vapor pressures and predicted particle", gas distributions of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners as functions of temperature and ortho-chlorine substitution, 1994, pp.28(3), 547~554
- Hayakawa K, "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins", dibenzofurans(PBDD, dibenzofurans(MoBPXDD, pp.Fs) in the atmosphere and bulk deposition in Kyoto, Japan, Chemosphere[DOI]
- Mandalakis M, "Particlesize distribution and gas", particle partitioning of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban areas of Greece, 2009, pp.157(4), 1227~1233
- Korea Standard Method of POPs analysis, "Ministry of Environment", Ministry of Environment Press, ~ (2011)
- "Brominated Diphenyl ethers in Water, Soil, Sediment and Tissue by HRGC/HRM"[URL]
- Shoeib M, "Characterization and comparison of three passive samplers for persistent organic pollutants", Environ Sci Technol, 36(19), pp.4142~4151 (2002)
- Chun MY, "A study on the deposition of PCBs in air on coniferous needles", J Kor Soc Environ Engin, 20(10), pp.1377~1383 (1998)
- 천만영, "PAS를 위한 대기 중 PAHs의 소나무잎 침착율 산정", 한국환경분석학회지, 14(2), pp.83~88 (2011), 한국환경분석학회
- 천만영, "소나무잎에 침착된 PCDD", Fs 특성, 2005, pp.27(6), 599~605[DOI]
- 천만영, "소나무잎에 침착된 PAHs 특성", 환경독성보건학회지, 23(3), pp.213~220 (2008), 환경독성보건학회
- 천만영, "소나무잎을 Passive Air Sampler(PAS)로 이용하여 대기 중 PCBs 농도 추정", 한국환경보건학회지, 38(4), pp.360~368 (2012), 한국환경보건학회[DOI]
- Chun MY, "Deposition characteristics of PAHs on tree Leaves", J Kor Soc Environ Engin, 23(3), pp.921~930 (2001)
- 천만영, "지역별 소나무잎과 토양에 침착된 PCDD", Fs 특성(051020-051121), 2005, pp.27(11), 1153~1161[DOI]
- 천만영, "나뭇잎에 침착된 대기 중 폴리브롬화디페닐에테르 특성", 한국환경분석학회지, 17(1), pp.29~36 (2014), 한국환경분석학회
- 천만영, "대기 중 PCBs의 PAS에 이용되는 여러 매체의 PCBs 침착 특성", 한국환경보건학회지, 39(2), pp.151~158 (2013), 한국환경보건학회[DOI]
- 천만영, "대기 중 PAHs의 Passive Sampler로서 소나무잎과 토양의 특성", 한국환경분석학회지, 13(4), pp.237~244 (2010), 한국환경분석학회
- Yeo HG, "Gas", particle concentrations and partitioning of PCBs in the atmosphere of Korea, 2003, pp.37(25), 3561~3570
- Cetin B, "Atmospheric concentrations and phase partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in Izmir, Turkey", Chemosphere, 71(6), pp.1067~1078 (2008)
- Wang ZY, "Prediction of supercooled liquid vapor pressures and n-octanol", air partition coefficients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers by means of molecular descriptors from DFT method, 2008, pp.389(2-3), 296~305
- 천만영, "나무껍질에 대한 대기 중 PCBs 침착 특성", 한국환경분석학회지, 16(2), pp.92~98 (2013), 한국환경분석학회
- Aboal JR, "Sampling optimization, at site scale, in contamination monitoring with moss, pine and oak", Environ Pollut, 115(2), pp.313~316 (2001)
- Meredith M, "Polychlorinated Biphenyl Accumulation in Tree Bark and Wood Growth Rings", Environ Sci Technol, 21(7), pp.709~712 (1987)
- Pausch KW, "Determination of the principal pathways of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans to Lolium multiflorum(Rye grass)", Environ Sci Technol, 29(4), pp.1090~1098 (1995)
- Cetin B, "Atmospheric concentrations and phase partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in Izmir, Turkey", Chemosphere, 71, pp.1067~1078 (2008)
- 허종원, "안산지역 대기 중 다이옥신 및 dl-PCBs의 오염특성 조사", 한국대기환경학회지, 26(5), pp.517~532 (2010), 한국대기환경학회
- Hinds WC, "Aerosol Technology", pp.127~132 (1982), A Wileyinterscience publication Press