공정 범주에 따른 ECETOC TRA 모델 평가로부터 도출한 한국 작업장 노출 평가 개선 방안
Enhancement of Occupational Exposure Assessment in Korea through the Evaluation of ECETOC TRA according to PROCs
1
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Objectives: The objectives of this study are to evaluate the accuracy and precision of exposure model ECETOC TRA v.3.1 by comparing model predictions with repeated exposure measurements in Korean workplaces and to investigate the applicability of ECETOC TRA to Korean workplace exposure assessment in K-REACH. Methods: Measured values and work conditions for 14 kinds of chemicals collected from exposure field surveys conducted at 10 companies in Korea were utilized for this study. All possible process categories (PROCs) considered to be relevant to each work process classification were selected and applied to ECETOC TRA as major determining parameters. In order to quantify the accuracy of the model, the lack of agreement (bias, relative bias, precision) was calculated and the risk ratios for each exposure situation between estimated and measured were also compared. Results: The estimated values varied between five and 25 times according to the PROCs for all exposure situations (ESs) based on tasks/chemicals. The results showed that most of the estimated values were below the measured values, and just 13 of 53 tasks were above the measured values. The overall bias and precision were -2.91±1.62 with ECETOC TRA, and we found that ECETOC TRA showed a low level of conservatism when applied to Korean workplaces, similar to previous studies. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the existed PROC codes have limitations in fully covering various ESs in Korea. In order to improve the applicability of ECETOC TRA in K-REACH, the addition of new PROCs for Korean industries are necessary.
Abstract
Objectives: The objectives of this study are to evaluate the accuracy and precision of exposure model ECETOC TRA v.3.1 by comparing model predictions with repeated exposure measurements in Korean workplaces and to investigate the applicability of ECETOC TRA to Korean workplace exposure assessment in K-REACH. Methods: Measured values and work conditions for 14 kinds of chemicals collected from exposure field surveys conducted at 10 companies in Korea were utilized for this study. All possible process categories (PROCs) considered to be relevant to each work process classification were selected and applied to ECETOC TRA as major determining parameters. In order to quantify the accuracy of the model, the lack of agreement (bias, relative bias, precision) was calculated and the risk ratios for each exposure situation between estimated and measured were also compared. Results: The estimated values varied between five and 25 times according to the PROCs for all exposure situations (ESs) based on tasks/chemicals. The results showed that most of the estimated values were below the measured values, and just 13 of 53 tasks were above the measured values. The overall bias and precision were -2.91±1.62 with ECETOC TRA, and we found that ECETOC TRA showed a low level of conservatism when applied to Korean workplaces, similar to previous studies. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the existed PROC codes have limitations in fully covering various ESs in Korea. In order to improve the applicability of ECETOC TRA in K-REACH, the addition of new PROCs for Korean industries are necessary.
참고문헌 (25)
- "Act on registration, evaluation, etc. of chemical"[URL]
- National institute of environmental research, "Guidance for make chemical safety report", 197~198 (2017)
- 윤충식, "환경부의 화학물질관리법, 화학물질등록 및 평가에 관한 법률, 고용노동부의 산업안전보건법의 화학물질 관련 내용 비교", 한국환경보건학회지, 40(5), pp.331~345 (2014), 한국환경보건학회[DOI]
- 문준식, "노출 모델의 화평법 적용성: ECETOC TRA와 Stoffenmanager Tier 1 노출 모델을 활용한 벤젠의 작업자 노출 평가", 한국환경보건학회지, 44(5), pp.460~467 (2018), 한국환경보건학회
- Clayton C, "Limitations on the uses of multimedia exposure measurements for multipathway exposure assessment-Part I: handling observations below detection limits", Quality Assurance, 10(3-4), pp.123~159 (2004)
- "Chesar 3 User manual" (2016)[URL]
- European Chemicals Agency, "Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assess ment Chapter R.14: Occupational exposure assessment", 48~70 (2016)
- Kupczewska-Dobecka M, "Evaluation of the TRA ECETOC model for inhalation workplace exposure to different organic solvents for selected process categories", International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health, 24(2), pp.208~217 (2011)
- Spinazzè A, "Accuracy evaluation of three modelling tools for occupational exposure assessment", Annals of work exposures and health, 61(3), pp.284~298 (2017)
- Van Tongeren M, "Validation of lower tier exposure tools used for REACH : comparison of tools estimates with available exposure measurements", Annals of work exposures and health, 61(8), pp.921~938 (2017)
- Landberg HE, "A study of the validity of two exposure assessment tools : Stoffenmanager and the Advanced REACH Tool", Annals of work exposures and health, 61(5), pp.575~588 (2017)
- Schinkel J, "Advanced REACH Tool(ART) : calibration of the mechanistic model", Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 13(5), pp.1374~1382 (2011)
- Ishii S, "Evaluation of the ECETOC TRA model for workplace inhalation exposure to ethylbenzene in Japan", Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, 24(1), pp.8~20 (2017)
- Lee EG, "Evaluation of Exposure Assessment Tools under REACH: Part I-Tier 1 Tools", Annals of work exposures and health, 63(2), pp.2018~2229 (2018)
- 이종한, "외국 노출량 산정 프로그램(ECETOC TRA)의 국내 적용을 위한 입력변수의 보정에 관한 연구", 한국산업보건학회지, 22(3), pp.191~199 (2012), 한국산업보건학회[DOI]
- Lee S, "Comparison of Quantitative Exposure Models for Occupational Exposure to Organic Solvents in Korea", Annals of work exposures and health, 63(2), pp.1~21 (2018)
- Riedmann R, "Sensitivity analysis, dominant factors, and robustness of the ECETOC TRA v3, Stoffenmanager 4.5, and ART 1.5occupational exposure models", Risk Analysis, 35(2), pp.211~225 (2015)
- "Occupational Safety and health act"[URL]
- Arnold SM, "A quantitative screening?level approach to incorporate chemical exposure and risk into alternative assessment evaluations", Integrated environmental assessment and management, 13(6), pp.1007~1022 (2017)
- Koppisch D, "Use of the MEGA exposure database for the validation of the Stoffenmanager model", Annals of occupational hygiene, 56(4), pp.426~439 (2011)
- Walther BA, "The concepts of bias, precision and accuracy, and their use in testing the performance of species richness estimators, with a literature review of estimator performance", Ecography, 28(6), pp.815~829 (2005)
- Tielemans E, "Conceptual model for assessment of inhalation exposure : defining modifying factors", Annals of occupational hygiene, 52(7), pp.577~586 (2008)
- "Validating simplebox-computed steady-state concentration ratios" (2004)[URL]
- "Predictions by the multimedia environmental fate model SimpleBox compared to field data:Intermedia concentration ratios of two phthalate esters" (2003)[URL]
- Jae Pil Y, "Portfolio Selection Strategy with Management Efficiency and Consideration of Growth Potential of Semiconductor and Display Corporations", Asia-Pacific Journal of Business & Commerce, 4(2), pp.89~107 (2012)