선박으로부터의 오염방지를 위한 국제협약상 의무준수 - 미국의 사례를 중심으로 -
Compliance Mechanism of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) - Focused on the United States’s Practice -
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초록
국제사회는 해양생태계를 파괴하고 해양 및 수산 관련 산업에 심각한 손상을 야기하는 유류와 기타 오염물질이 해상에 무차별적으로 유출되는 것을 방지하기 위하여 선박이 준수하여야 할 구조적ㆍ기술적 조건과 배출기준을 강화하여 왔다. 그 노력의 결실 중 하나가 해양오염방지협약의 체결이다. 다른 다자간 국제협약과 마찬가지로 해양오염방지협약 역시 그 효율적인 이행과 준수를 보장하기 위한 방법들을 정하고 있다. 나아가 미국은 자국의 해양환경 오염을 방지하기 위하여 해양오염방지협약의 실효성을 높이기 위한 적극적인 행정조치들, 예컨대 관할권이 없는 공해에서의 오염물질 배출행위를 사실상 규제하기 위하여 선박에 비치되어 있는 유류기록부 등 각종 기록부의 허위기재를 문제삼아 해당 선박 또는 그 선주를 제재하는 등의 조치를 취하여 왔다. 우리나라 역시 적극적으로 항만국 통제 조치를 취하기 위하여 노력하고 있으나, 이에 그치지 않고 해양환경 보호를 위하여 미국이 취하는 바와 같은 적극적인 권한 행사를 고려하고 이를 위하여 필요한 자원(인력, 재정 등)을 보강하고, 선박의 협약 위반행위를 신고하는 내부자 등에 대한 경제적 보상제도의 적극적 활용을 고려하여 볼 수도 있겠다.
Abstract
The International community has constantly tried to improve the structural and technological requirements of seagoing vessels and prevent the discharge standard of oil and other waste into the ocean so as to preclude the degradation of the ocean environment and the substantial negative impact it can have on relevant industries. Such efforts have led to the creation of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78). Like other multilateral environmental agreements, MARPOL 73/8 has its own compliance mechanism to ensure its effective implementation and compliance. The United States has introduced unique compliance measures of MARPOL 73/78 for the purpose of preventing the pollution of its ocean environment by ships. For instance, the U.S. has consistently inspected the oil record books of vessels to find evidence of illegal oil discharge, and it has punished those vessels falsifying their record books. Although South Korea has increasingly used the port state control measures, inspecting foreign vessels to verify their compliance with international agreements such as MARPOL 73/78, I believe that the country needs to consider the introduction of more affirmative actions such as those that have been adopted by the United States. In this regard, South Korea may need to reinforce financial and personnel resources for that purpose.
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