일방적인 선박기인 해양오염물질 규제행위의 정당성 판단기준 고찰
Justification Criteria regarding States’ Unilateral Act for Marine Pollution Prevention from Ships
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초록
해양환경보호, 해양생태계 및 인류의 건강을 보호하기 위한 목적으로 선박으로부터 배출되는 해양오염물질과 유해수중생물 및 병원균을 규제하는 IMO의 MARPOL협약과 선박평형수관리협약이 전 세계적으로 이행되고 있다. 특히 국제해운산업의 특징은 선박이 타 국가의 영역을 넘나들며 종사하는 물류수송이 특징이기 때문에 해양환경오염을 감소 또는 통제하거나 외래생물의 유입을 방지하기 위한 선박의 설계, 구조 및 설비기준 그리고 규제물질의 배출기준은 국제협약을 통해서 이행될 수밖에 없다. 그러나 해상물동량의 증가와 함께 선박의 대형화로 인해 연안국의 해양환경피해가 심각해지면서 국제협약의 기준과 합치하지 않는 일방적인 국가행위가 일부 국가들의 의해서 실행되고 있다. 이 같은 행위에 대해서 국가는 국내법을 원용하거나 또는 국제협약의 예외규정을 인용하여 정당성을 주장하지만, 상황에 따라서 국제법적 정당성은 달리 판단할 수 있는 여지가 있으며, 선박의 권리를 침해한다는 논란이 제기될 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 선박기인 해양오염물질 규제를 위한 일방적인 국가행위 사례를 알아보고, 국제분쟁해결기구의 판단과 일반국제법상 국가책임의 위법성 조각사유에 대한 분석을 통해서 일방적인 국가행위의 정당성을 판단하는 기준을 고찰하였다. 일부 선진국의 해양환경보호 정책과 연관된 일방적인 국가행위로 인해 국가 간의 분쟁이 발생할 가능성이 높으며, 국제분쟁해결기구의 판단에서도 일방적인 국가행위의 위법성을 인정하고 있음에 주목해야 할 것이다. 유엔해양법협약은 선박기인 해양오염과 관련하여 국가관할권의 예외를 규정하고 있지 않지만, 일반국제법상의 위법성 조각사유 적용이 가능하리라 판단되며, 설사 해양환경보호를 위한 국가의 행위라 할지라도 매우 제한된 상황의 일방적인 국가행위만이 정당성을 인정받을 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
IMO's MARPOL Convention and Ballast Water Management Convention, which regulate marine pollutants, Harmful Aquatic Organization and Pathogens emitted from ships, are being implemented globally to protect the marine environment, marine ecosystem and human health. In particular, the international shipping industry is characterized by transport of goods in which ships cross the borders of other States. Therefore, the design, structure and equipment standards of ship, and discharge standards to reduce or control marine pollution or protect introduction of invasive alien are subject to international conventions. However, due to the increase in the volume of shipping transport and the enlargement of ships, the damage of coastal State’s marine environment has become severe, and some States have been carrying out unilateral actions that are not consist with international conventions. In doing so, the State insist legitimacy by refering to domestic law or exceptions from international conventions, but the legitimacy depending on each circumstance might be judged differently and a flag State argues that unilateral action violates the rights of ships. In this paper, the cases of unilateral practice for regulating marine pollutants caused by ships are examined, and the criteria for considering the legitimacy of unilateral action is considered through the analysis of international dispute settlement institutions and the analysis of the exceptions of State’s responsibility under general international law. It should be noted that disputes between States are likely to happen due to unilateral actions related to marine environmental protection policies of some developed States, and it is worthy to note some of disputes are recognized to be illegal act by judgements of international dispute settlement institutions. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea does not provide exceptions to State act against pollution of marine environment caused by ships, but it is deemed that the exceptions under general international law is applicable. However, only State’s unilateral actions that meet the exceptions in limited circumstances might be justified.
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