국제상사중재에 있어서 상관습법
The Lex Mercatoria in International Commercial Arbitration
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국제무역전쟁시대에 당사자들은 중재를 선호하고, 상이한 국적을 가진 당사자 간 분쟁에 적용하는 초국가적인 기준으로 상관습법과 같은 일반원칙에 따라 분쟁이 해결되도록 선택할 수 있다. 상관습법이나 제3의 법질서의 적용은, 준거법의 언급 없이 어떠한 법의 선택도 없는 가운데, 명시적인 준거법으로서 혹은 직접적으로 준거실체법으로서 인정되어 왔다. 분명한 사실은 당사자에 의한 명시적인 선택이 없는 가운데, 국제계약에서 상관습법을 적용하는 것은 인정되지 않는다. 현재 상관습법의 연원으로는, 국제공법, 통일법, 법의 일반원칙, 국제기구의 규칙, 관습과 관행, 정형계약, 중재판정보고서를 들 수 있다. 성문화된 형태로는 국제물품매매통일계약, 비공식적인 국제기준으로는 UNIDROIT 원칙과 Mustill경의 상관습법명부가 있다. 상관습법은 국제상사중재법에 막대한 영향을 주고 있고, 상관습법은 법형식주의에서 벗어나 상인들 간에 실용주의적 공존전략의 접근방식을 제공하기 때문에 매력적이 된다. 상관습법은 ‘당사자 자치’에 의하여 ‘경험'과 '신의칙'에 입각하여 만들어진 자기 구속력 있는 법이 될 수 있다. 21세기 국제상사중재제도는, 국제상업공동체에서 점차 선호되고 있으며, 분쟁해결의 준거법으로서 시장논리의 자율성과 책임적 환경에서 형성된 보편적으로 받아들일 수 있는 상관습법에 관한 일관된 국제법규룰 발전시켜 나가야 하는 큰 도전에 직면해 있다. 상관습법의 성문화와 세계법으로서의 가능성 여부는 앞으로의 중재판정과 관행에 달려 있다.
Abstract
The parties prefer arbitration in international trade war era and choose general principles such as lex mercatoria of transnational standards to solve disputes between parties with different nationalities. The application of the lex mercatoria or the third legal system, in the absence of any designation of the applicable law, has been recognized as directly or as a substantive criteria. Obviously, it is not permitted to apply lex mercatoria in international contracts without any explicit choice by the parties. The current sources of lex mercatoria are public international law, uniform laws. the general principles of law, rules of international organizations, customs and usages, standard form contracts and reporting of arbitral awards. It has been codified in the form of the Convention on the International Sale of Goods, the UNIDROIT principles as a unofficial international standards and Lord Mustill' list. Lex mercatoria has given a huge impact on international commercial arbitration and become attractive to merchants because it provides a pragmatic approach to coexistence strategies away from legal formalism. Lex mercatoria would be the self-binding law made on the basis of 'party autonomy', 'experience 'and good faith. In 21st century, international commercial arbitration institution which increasingly is preferred in international commercial community is now confronting a big challenge to promote lex mercatoria which formed autonomously in the environment of market logic as a coherent common international regulations as applicable law . Codification and globalization of lex mercatoria as 'a law without law' depends on arbitral award, customs and practices in the future.
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