수형자들을 위한 교정 프로그램과 심리검사의 타당성
A debate on the rehabilitation program and psychological test
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폐쇄된 공간인 교도소에서 자유의 박탈감은 자존감의 상실로 이어진다. 수형자의 사회 심리적 특성은 수용기간 및 자녀 그리고 교정 시설이 처우 중심이냐 통제 중심이냐에 따라서 다르다. 수형자들은 여러 가지 상이한 조건 하에서 다양한 사회심리적 경험을 하게 되며, 다양한 교정 프로그램을 통하여 교정, 교화가 되고 있으며, 재범 가능성에 따른 평가에 따라 가석방 등 상이한 대우를 받고 있다. 그러나 교정행정 관계자들의 수형자들에 대한 시각과 방법에 따라 교정, 교화의 효과가 다를 수 있고, 재범 우려에 대한 평가도 달라질 수 있다. 교도소 안의 스트레스는 사회적 환경과는 차별화 될 수 있으며 밖에서와 전혀 다른 환경에 대한 상당한 적응 노력이 필요하다. 교도소 안에서는 내부 규칙 때문에 타인의 도움을 요청할 수도 없으므로 재소자들을 위한 특별한 심리프로그램이 제작되어 적용되어 왔다. 갱생 프로그램의 효과를 평가한 결과 긍정적이고, 구체적인 효과가 있다는 증거들이 나타나고 있는데 일부 보고된 것 중에 재소 기간 중 실시되는 Think first는 인지행동 원리에 기반을 둔 것으로, 범죄자의 행동을 가져온 태도와 사고 과정에 주목, 다시 범죄를 저지르지 않고 적절한 방법으로 문제를 해결 할 수 있는 기술을 훈련시키는 것이다. 또 공격성 전환 훈련(ART)은 Think First와 사고 과정 및 태도를 수정하기 위해 구체적 인지 행동 훈련을 쓰는 점이 비슷하나, 특정한 범죄 집단을 대상으로 한 프로그램인 점이 다르다. 가석방 결정을 하려면 먼저 그가 석방 후에 재범하지 않을 지를 PCL-R로 검사한 뒤, 더 이상 싸이코패스가 아님을 입증해야 한다. 검사 결과에 따라 어떤 판결을 받을지, 가석방을 해도 좋은 지, 심지어는 사형에 처할지도 결정하는 척도가 된다. 그러나 Dixon의 예에서 보듯 심리검사가 현실적 타당성을 보이지 않을 수도 있다. 본고는 범죄가 천성적인 성격 특성보다는 환경적인 영향에 의하여 더 영향 받을 가능성을 범죄예측의 문제와 관련지워 논의한 것이다.
Abstract
Punishment has changed across time and cultures. It is likely that some of the current trends in punishment will be rejected in a few years time. Punishment is a constantly evolving aspect of society and is linked to thoughts about safety, the effectiveness of the criminal justice system and emotional responses to victimization. The unique physical and social environment in prison does seem particularly prone to causing stress. And prisoners are individuals, and vary in the stressors they experience and how they try to cope with these. The prison environment also seems to limit the means by which prisoners can cope with stress. We have to heed on some populations of prisoners who suffer particular stressors: life-sentence prisoners and prisoners who are mothers. The questions of rehabilitation of offenders, so called 'What Works' debate, is whether treatment is effective. A couple of examples of the programmes were suggested with the related evidence. And the results are the rehabilitation of offenders may be successful for certain individuals and under certain conditions as “Think First” or “ART”(Aggression Replacement Training). PCL-R test for determining whether a offender poses a risk of further violence if released. “Lifer” like Robert Dixon took a test to determine whether he was a psychopath for a parole hearing. This test has incredible power in the American criminal justice system. Many psychologists believe that psychopaths are so devoid of normal human emotion, so cold and remorseless and impulsive, that they are bound, almost by their very nature, to do harm and violence. But this assumptions could lead error prone decision like Robert Dixons case. Predictive power of psychological test is assumed on the determination of nature rather than nurture. Recently, more studies support of environmental power compared to biological characteristics. Hence more studies are needed to answer for the right individuals targeted for the right programmes and tests.
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