국내ㆍ국제혼합 특별형사법원의 설립방식에 따른 법적 쟁점과 시사점 – STL, SCSL, ECCC 중심으로 -
Legal Bases for Establishing Hybrid Domestic-International Special Criminal Courts and Tribunals in Transitional Justice Process and the Future Implications - Focusing on Cases of STL, SCSL, and ECCC -
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2000년 이후 지금까지 국제형사재판제도가 실현되는 포럼의 발전 동향을 살펴보면, 체제 전환기에 범죄발생지국의 국내 사법체계에 바탕을 두거나 이로부터 협조를 받으면서도 국제적 인력이 참여하는 형태의, 국내·국제혼합 특별형사법원이 대안적 모델로 등장·발전하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 한반도에 도래할 수 있는 체제 전환기에도, 남북한의 역사적·지정학적 특수한 배경에 대한 이해에 바탕을 두면서도 국제사회가 수용 가능한 보편적 책임규명의 장으로서 국내적·국제적 요소가 혼합된 특별형사법원이 대안이 될 수 있다는 것이 전문가들의 의견이다. 그런데 레바논이나 시에라리온, 캄보디아 등 세계 각국에서 설립·운영되어온 대표적인 혼합법원의 사례를 비교·검토해보면, 설립의 배경이 된 범죄의 성격과 법원이 설계되던 때의 정치적 환경에 따라 혼합법원이 다양한 방식으로 설립될 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 즉 ‘레바논 특별재판소’(Special Tribunal for Lebanon, STL)처럼 유엔 안전보장이사회가 결의를 채택하여 혼합법원을 설립할 수 있고, ‘시에라리온 특별법원’(Special Court for Sierra Leone, SCSL)처럼 범죄발생지국과 유엔이 조약을 체결하여 설립할 수도 있으며, 캄보디아 특별재판부(Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, ECCC)처럼 범죄발생지국이 국내법을 제·개정하여 국내법상 사법기구로 설립할 수도 있다. 그리고 각 사례들은 설립방식이 어떠한가에 따라 설립근거법의 성격이나 설립과정의 적법성에 관하여 상이한 법적 쟁점이 제기될 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 이에 이 글은 설립방식별로 제기될 수 있는 법적 쟁점을 잘 보여주는 대표 사례인 STL, SCSL, ECCC를 검토하여, 이로부터 미래에 혼합법원을 설립할 때를 대비하여 시사점을 얻고자 한다.
Abstract
In the early days of the development of international criminal justice system in 1990s, an international court/tribunal model was preferred to ensure independence and fairness from the political influence of territorial states. However, the international court model revealed some problems of causing political tensions with the sovereignty of the territorial states and conflicts with the values of peaceful settlement and regional integration. In addition, the limited jurisdiction and resources of the International Criminal Court was criticized for failing to address cases appropriately in all regions around the world. As a result, a hybrid court/tribunal model, which is based on cooperation with the domestic judicial system of the territorial states and engagement of international judges and personnel, began to emerge and develop as a popular model. Experts in international criminal law have argued that a hybrid court/tribunal model that has both national and international elements could be an alternative for the forum for accountability in preparation for the possible transition (e.g., unification) on the Korean peninsula as well. With this background in mind, this research is intended to examine legal issues and agendas that arose from various cases of existing hybrid special criminal courts in Lebanon, Sierra Leone, and Cambodia, and draws lessons that may shed light on what legal issues and agendas policy makers and designers of the similar hybrid courts should address in the future. In particular, issues that may arise when establishing and designing the hybrid courts regarding the legal bases and legality of establishment processes have been examined. The differences in establishment processes in different cases demonstrate that context matters and how differently the hybrid courts could be established and designed in response to different contexts. This will serve as a basic reference for designers of hybrid courts to refer to in the event of a consensus on the need to establish such courts. This research, which examines what considerations should be contemplated to establish hybrid courts as a desirable accountability model, will hopefully pave the way for laying the groundwork for achieving peace and promoting human rights in the possible future transition scenario.
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