전환기 정의와 국제형사재판소의 역할 - 치유와 회복을 통한 정의, 평화, 인권의 길 -
The ICC and Transitional Justice - An Analysis of its Role from a Reparative and Restorative Justice Perspectives -
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국제형사재판소(ICC)의 역할에 관한 전통적 기대는 응보적 정의 실현에 초점을 두었다. 처벌을 통해 범죄를 억지하고, 법의 지배・인권보호 등 인류 공통의 가치를 내면화하는 것이다. 절차의 비효율성 등 ICC의 기능에 대한 비판 역시 주로 응보적 관점에서 이루어졌다. 강제수사권의 부재와 같은 구조적 한계는 응보적 기능에 다소 제약이 될 수 있지만, ICC는 이를 극복하며 그 임무를 다하고 있다. 나아가, 형사사법기구로서의 응보적 기능 외에 ICC가 수행하는 독자적인 인권보호의 기능에 주목해야 한다. ICC는 응보적 관점에서 지적되는 한계들을 극복해 나가면서 동시에 치유적・회복적 기능을 수행하여 인권보호기관으로서의 지평을 넓히고 있다. ICC의 관할범죄는 통상 전환기 정의 메커니즘을 필요로 하는 사회적 배경 하에 일어나고, 전환기 정의가 지향하는 ‘책임’과 ‘통합’은 ICC의 응보적 기능과 치유적・회복적 기능을 통해 달성될 수 있다는 점에서, ICC의 역할도 전환기 정의 실현의 관점에서 조명해 볼 수 있다. 특히 치유적・회복적 정의는, 피해자와 공동체를 회복시켜 갈등이 재발하지 않는 환경을 조성함으로써, 사회 통합과 지속가능한 평화라는 전환기 정의의 이념을 실현할 수 있다. 실제로 ICC는 여러 제도와 활동을 통해 치유적・회복적 정의를 실천하여 전환기 정의 실현에 기여하고 있다. 로마규정은 최초로 개인의 배상 책임을 명시했고, 재판부는 피해의 내용과 성격에 따라 세분화된 개별적・집단적 배상을 명했다. 피해자 신탁기금의 ‘지원 임무’는 재판과 무관하게 피해자의 필요에 맞춘 다양한 지원을 독자적으로 시행한다. 한편 로마규정은 최초로 피해자의 절차 참여권을 명시했고, 절차상 안전을 담보하는 보호조치가 이를 뒷받침한다. 특히 참여의 경험 자체가 회복과 통합에 기여한다는 사실이 피해자들의 진술로 확인되고 있으며, 폭넓은 아웃리치 프로그램도 피해자의 소통과 회복을 돕는다. 이렇듯 사회 재건과 통합을 돕는 치유적・회복적 기능을 통해 ICC는 전환기 정의 실현에 이바지하고 있다.
Abstract
The general expectation for the International Criminal Court (ICC) is to enforce retributive justice, promote crime prevention and deterrence, and internalize legal and social norms, including human rights protection and the rule of law. Criticisms of the ICC, such as its inefficiency and selective justice, also stem from its retributive justice approach. Despite its inherent limitations, including a lack of enforcement power, the ICC has substantially played its retributive role as an international criminal institute. In addition to its retributive function, the ICC plays a unique role in protecting human rights. The ICC has overcome its structural limitations and has broadened its scope as a human rights protection institute by realizing reparative and restorative justice. Many human rights atrocities that fall under the ICC's jurisdiction happen in contexts that require transitional justice. As both accountability and reconciliation - the primary goals of transitional justice - can be achieved through both the ICC's retributive justice and reparative or restorative justice, it is meaningful to examine the ICC's role from the transitional justice perspective. Reparative or restorative justice, in particular, can contribute to reconciliation and sustainable peace by supporting victims and their communities and preventing similar conflicts and atrocities from recurring. The ICC has advanced transitional justice by applying reparative or restorative justice through its mechanisms. The Rome Statute marked the first time the Court may make a reparation order directly against a perpetrator. The Court has ordered both individual and collective reparations tailored to the harm suffered by victims. Through their 'assistance mandate,' the Trust Funds for Victims provide support to victims and their families regardless of ongoing investigations or trials. The Rome Statute affirms the rights of victims to take part in proceedings and establishes safeguards, such as protective measures, to ensure these rights are upheld. Research has shown that participation in the ICC proceedings can benefit victims by promoting healing and fostering reconciliation. The ICC's outreach efforts enable communication between victims and the Court, amplifying their voices. The ICC's initiatives have advanced transitional justice, by promoting recovery and reconciliation, and implementing both reparative and restorative justice.
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