우크라이나, 러시아, 벨라루스의 축일과 국가건설: 전승기념일을 중심으로
Holidays and Nation-Building in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus: Focused on Victory Day
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대조국전쟁과 같은 역사적 사건에 대한 선별적, 정치적 해석을 통해 정권은 유리한 ‘집단적 기억’을 만들어내고, 기념일과 행사를 조직하여 대중의 ‘집단적 흥분’을 유도함으로써 ‘민족건설’ 혹은 통일된 ‘국가건설’을 주도하게 된다. 결국 전승기념일과 같은 공휴일과 일련의 기념행사는 ‘민족상징’화되어 민족정체성 혹은 국가정체성의 확립에 큰 역할을 하게 된다. 우크라이나와 러시아, 벨라루스는 2015년 전승기념일을 전후하여 서로 다른 상징성을 구축하며 과히 전쟁을 방불케 하는 대립을 보였으며, 과거사에 대해 서로 다른 해석을 내리고, 차별화된 국가전략을 선보이며 신경전을 벌였다. 2013년 11월 말에 시작된 우크라이나의 유로마이단 혁명 이후 러시아의 크림반도점령, 우크라이나 동부의 분쟁, 말레이 항공기 격추 등의 사건들이 발생하면서 동슬라브 3국의 관계는 더 이상 예전과 같지 않게 되었으며 공통점보다는 서로 다른 정체성의 확립에 주력하는 모습이었다. 축일과 기념일은 바로 이러한 시대적 상황 속에서 서로의 차이를 극명히 보여주는 좋은 표현의 장이 되고 있으며, 전승기념일과 같은 축일, 공휴일의 기념행사를 통해 세 국가의 정부는 서로 다른 정치적 지향성, 이데올로기, 미래전략을 보여주려 노력하고 있다. 따라서 본 소고는 세 국가에서 기념된 전승기념일을 다양한 차원에서 분석하고, 이를 통해 세 민족의 대립양상과 국가건설의 차이성을 설명하고 있다.
Abstract
This study on the national holidays of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus examines their role as a complex and dynamic instrument of nation-building mainly after the collpase of Soviet Union. This study attempts to discuss the Second World War and Victory Day as both milestone and problem for post-Soviet identities in these three East Slavic nations. It also explains how each government of three nations has created a myth and a ritual for nation-building in a different way. Interestingly, these three nations have adopted the Victory Day as one of its most important holidays for different reasons. In the case of Russia, Putin creates a myth and ritual for elevating him personally, while uniting the nation and showing him as the natural-hero-leader who defends the fatherland. For Ukraine, Victory Day is an instrument for reconciliation not only between Soviet Army and insurgent army veterans, but also between East and West of Ukraine. Also it becomes a tool to create a new national identity on which Ukrainian pepole defend their sovereignty and pursue normal development toward Europeanization. Today, Lukashenko is the sole source of political power in Belarus. He has built and expanded the Soviet versions of the war and has taken part personally in most of the major commemorations. He also has become the major force behind the excessive Victory Day celebrations for managing his dictatorship. This study also uses discourse analysis to investigate the importance of the Victory Day ritual and its symbolism in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus. Comparing different symbols of Victory Day among three nations, this study attempts to explain the different political ideology and national stratergy that three nations pursue.
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