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악마와의 계약? 우크라이나의 파시즘 운동, 1929~1945

‘Deal with the Devil’: the Ukrainian Fascist Movement, 1929~1945

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러시아연구소 (Institute for Russian and East European Studies)|2015.12|슬라브硏究 (The Korean Journal of Slavic Studies)|제31권 제4호|pp. 1-59|DOI 10.17840/irsprs.2015.31.4.001

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파시즘FascismSVOUkrainian NationalismOUN드미트로 돈초프우크라이나 민족주의Dmitro Dontsov
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초록

본 논문은 제2차 세계대전 시기 서부 우크라이나의 할리치나 지방을 중심으로 활동한 우크라이나의 자생적 파시즘 운동조직, “우크라이나 민족주의자단(OUN)”의 활동을 이 조직의 역사적 기원과 성장 배경 및 이데올로기에 주목하며 검토하는 연구이다. OUN은 1920년대 할리치나 지방에서 태동한 우크라이나 독립운동 조직 “우크라이나 무장전투단(SVO)”으로부터 기원하였다. 독립투쟁을 위한 무장조직으로 출발한 SVO가 본격 파시즘 운동 조직체인 OUN으로 전환된 것은 1920년대 할리치나 지역 우크라이나 민족주의 운동의 급격한 우향우가 만들어 낸 결과였는데, 이 과정에는 “우크라이나 파시즘의 아버지,”드미트로 돈초프의 결정적인 기여가 있었다. OUN은 스스로를 파시즘 세계혁명의 일원이자 우크라이나 민족혁명의 주역으로 자임하였다. OUN이 독일 나치와 공유하던 파시즘 이데올로기는 우크라이나에서 나치 당국이 자행하던 “총탄에 의한 홀로코스트”에 이들이 적극 협력하게 된 요인이 되었으며, 2차 세계대전 후반기에 서우크라이나 지역 볼히니아 지방에서 자행된 폴란드인 학살 역시 범유럽 파시즘 운동의 일원으로 OUN이 발전시킨 인종주의 기반의 배제적 민족주의가 만들어낸 역사적 비극이었다. OUN은 단순히 우크라이나의 독립이 아니라 우크라이나 땅에 “파시즘 유토피아”의 실현을 꿈꾸던 급진적인 파시즘 혁명가 집단이었다고 할 수 있다.

Abstract

This study explores the historical trajectory of the Organization of the Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) between 1929 and 1945, with particular attention to its ideological origin, its problematic collaborationist involvement with the Nazi Holocaust and the OUN-led ethnic cleansing in Volhinia during the Second World War. I argue that OUN was a native fascist movement in the Ukraine, originating from the interwar-period Galicia, the traditional lynchpin of the Ukrainian ationalism. I also argue that it emerged through the “urn to the Right”of the Ukrainian nationalism during the 1920s, a convoluted move heavily influenced by Dmitro Dontsov, “he father of the Ukrainian Fascism.”While self-fashioning itself as an authentic progeny of pan-European fascist movement in the Ukraine, OUN shared many ideological affinities with its National Socialist original in Germany, especially in terms of its strongly anti-Semitic racial program and its organic “xclusive nationalism.”It was the former that galvanized the OUN’ active involvement with “he Holocaust by Bullets”through the collaboration with the Nazis in the Ukrainian territory; it was the latter that motivated the ethnic cleansing and the massacre of ethnic Poles in Volhinia. OUN did not, I finally argue, fight for the simple cause of independent Ukraine; rather, they fought for the building of “ Fascist Utopia”on the Ukrainian soil, the purported final destination of the OUN’ “ational Revolution

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