칸트에서 통각원칙의 분석성과 종합성: 순수이성비판에서 연역 해석의 문제(1)
Analyticity and Syntheticity of the Apperception Principle of Kant: The Problem of Interpretation of Transcendental Deduction in the Critique of Pure Reason (1)
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초록
논문은 순수이성비판 범주의 초월적 연역에서 그 논증의 열쇠로 간주되는 ‘초월적 통각의 통일원칙’을 다룬다. 특별히 재판 연역 내에서 통각원칙의 논리적 측면에 주목하는 해석적 접근을 선택하고 있다. 나는 재판 연역 내에서 통각원칙은 분석명제로 독해되어야 한다는 것을 주장한다. 그리고 이는 통각원칙이 연역논증 전체의 전제임을 함축한다. 나는 이러한 해석이 첫째, 칸트 자신의 말을 왜곡시키지 않으면서, 둘째, 재판 연역을 그것의 목적과 관련하여 유의미하게 독해할 수 있도록 하며, 셋째, 비판 내에서 통각 논의와 밀접히 관련된 오류추리론 텍스트와의 정합적 독해를 제공한다는 점을 주장한다. 재판 연역에서 통각원칙은 다음과 같이 진술될 수 있다. ‘논변적 지성의 사고활동은, 표상들의 하나의 종합적 통일, 즉 하나의 단일한 복합적 사고를 이루는 모든 표상들 각각이 하나의 단일한 주관에 귀속 가능할 수 있는 그런 방식으로 결합되어야 함을 요구한다.’ 이 규범적 진술은 재판 연역과 오류추리론에서의 칸트 자신의 말처럼 논변적(diskursiv) 지성 혹은 논변적 사고를 주어 개념으로 하여 그에 대한 분석으로부터 풍부한 의미의 술어 개념들이 따라 나오는 분석명제이다.
Abstract
This thesis deals with 'the principle of the unity of transcendental apperception' which is regarded as the key of the transcendental deduction of the categories in the Critique of Pure Reason. My thesis focuses on the logical aspect of the apperception principle in the B-Deduction. I argue that the apperception principle must be read as an analytic proposition in the B-Deduction. This implies that the apperception principle is a premise of the whole argument of the Deduction. Such an interpretation has at least three advantages over the other competing ones. First, it doesn't distort Kant's own words. Secondly, it can lead us to a meaningful reading of the B-Deduction considering its aim. Finally, it gives a reading coherent with the Paralogisms which are most closely related to the account of the apperception in the Critique. In the B-Deduction, the principle can be restated as follows: 'The act of the thought of the discursive understanding requires that each and every representation, which consists of a synthetic unity of representations, namely a single complex thought, must be connected in such a way that they could be ascribed to a single subject'. As Kant himself says in the B-Deduction and the Paralogisms, this normative statement is an analytic proposition which has a subject concept of the discursive understanding or thought and predicate concepts with rich contents followed by the analysis of the subject concept.
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