본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

존재론적 안보론과 북미관계: 이론과 현상, 새롭게 보기

Ontological Security and North Korea-U.S. Relations: A Renewing of Theory and Practice

0

조회

0

다운로드

4

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류정치외교학

초록

본고는 존재론적 안보(ontological security)라는 이론과 북미관계라는 경험적 현상을 연계하여 과연 무엇이 새롭게 보이는지, 나아가 무엇을 새롭게 고칠 수 있는지를 답해보고자 하는 시도다. 존재론적 안보는 한국정치외교학계에 아직까지 생소한 이론자원이며 나아가 소수에 불과한 기존연구들도 존재론적 안보론의 일부만을 차용하고 있다는 한계를 보인다. 본고는 30여년간 급속히 발전되어온 존재론적 안보학의 이론적 논의를 초기의 전통적 입장과 최근의 비판적 입장으로 구별하고, 이 둘의 시각 모두를 통해 북미관계를 새롭게 비춰본다. 북미 양측은 존재론적 안보행위자로서 각자의 자전적 정체성 서사에서 상대를 지속적으로 타자화하면서 ‘일관된’ 양자관계를 유지해오고 있다. 그러나 이는 “건강한 기초신뢰”에 기반하지 못한 ‘불충분한’ 존재론적 안보상태에 머물러 있는 것이며 따라서 일상화된 북미의 적대관계는 (현실주의) 물리적 안보 측면에서뿐만 아니라 (구성주의) 존재론적 안보 측면에서도 ‘변화’를 필요로 한다. 과연 어떤 조건이나 상황에서 그러한 변화가 가능하거나 혹은 더욱 용이해지는 것일까? 여기서 본고는 “정체성 서사의 특정 타자화 비중”이 핵심변수로 작용할 수 있다고 전제하고 이를 양자관계에 접목하여 총 세 개의 관계유형(relational types)을 도출한다. 북미관계는 해당 핵심변수에 따라 “실존적 불안의 비대칭성”이 작동하는 유형에 속하며 나아가 북한은 현실주의와 구성주의 측면에서 “이중의 취약” 구조에 놓여 있다고 할 수 있다.

Abstract

This paper aims to establish a preliminary foundation for theorising change in ontological security, commonly understood as states' pursuit of stable identities. Over the past two decades, ontological security studies(OSS) have made significant contributions to the discipline of IR; yet, as OSS has evolved, tensions within the scholarship have emerged, particularly regarding how to conceptualize changes in stable identities. While retaining core theoretical elements of ontological security, more recent OSS challenge the early scholarship's emphasis on stability and continuity. Drawing on poststructuralist insights into the relational and transient nature of identity, recent OSS propose that changes or discontinuities in autobiographical narratives or routines do not necessarily result in ontological insecurity. Instead, they demonstrate that reflexive social actors can invoke new identifications in their pursuit of ontological security, exercising a 'healthy' basic trust in response to everyday anxiety. A key question, then, is under what conditions such change is facilitated or constrained. This paper delves deeply into this question, exploring the scope conditions for change, particularly within the context of bilateral inter-state relations. Through this theoretical inquiry, the paper underscores that the manifestation of existential anxiety, closely linked to states' pursuits of ontological security varies significantly based on the "(inter)dependence of autobiographical narratives" in the bilateral relationship. Drawing from this novel concept, the paper articulates three different bilateral types in ontological security, including a type marked by asymmetry of existential anxiety. It concludes by elucidating the conditions under which changes are facilitated or constrained within each type, and provides real-life cases that correspond to each type.

참고문헌 (116)

  1. 강혜석, "김정은 시대 통치담론 변화와’국가’의 부상 : "김정일애국주의"와"우리 국가제일주의"를 중심으로", 국제정치논총, 59(3), pp.309~345 (2019)
  2. 김갑식, "세계화·정보화와 북한의 국가정체성 : ‘주체 사회주의’의 지속과 변화", 통일정책연구, 13(2), pp.145~169 (2004)
  3. 김근식, "김정일 시대 북한의 新발전전략", 국제정치논총, 43(4), pp.197~218 (2003)
  4. 김복영, "남북한 역사 교과서 속의 미국 관련 내용 분석", 사회과교육연구, 14(2), pp.215~232 (2007)
  5. 김세라, "북한의‘미 제국주의’역사 서술 분석", 석사, 북한학과, pp.2015
  6. 민영화, "랭전종식후 미제의"세계화"론의 대두와 그 침략적본질", 김일성종합대학학보, 59(1) (2013)
  7. 박정호, "남북관계의 이론적 탐색 : 존재론적 안보와 경합적 공존을 중심으로", 현대북한연구, 25(2), pp.8~43 (2022)
  8. 서보혁, "북한 정체성의 두 얼굴" (2003), 책세상
  9. 신욱희, "북미관계와 한반도 평화체제 : 역사적 고찰", 한국정치외교사논총, 33(2), pp.35~61 (2012)
  10. 신욱희, "삼각관계의 국제정치" (2017), 서울대출판문화원
  11. 심양섭, "북한의 시장화와 주민들의 정치적 태도 변화 : 국민정체성과 관련하여", 다문화와 평화, 11(1), pp.225~241 (2017)
  12. 윤도원, "돈바스 전쟁은 왜 끝나지 않는가? 존재론적 안보와 러시아-우크라이나 관계", 사회과학연구, 47(2), pp.39~63 (2021)
  13. 은용수, "존재론적 안보(ontological security)의 동학 : 미국의 대중 강경책과 미중경쟁", 국제정치논총, 62(2), pp.67~106 (2022)
  14. 이미경, "북한의 역사서술 속의 대미인식의 특징과 함의", 한국정치외교사논총, 25(1), pp.265~299 (2003)
  15. 임수진, "김정은시대 북한의 대외 적대담론 연구", 통일과 평화, 14(2), pp.163~201 (2022)
  16. 정영철, "북한의 개혁 개방 이중전략과 실리사회주의" (2004), 선인
  17. 정영철, "북한의‘우리 국가제일주의’ : 국가의 재등장과‘체제 재건설’의 이데올로기", 현대북한연구, 23(1), pp.8~38 (2020)
  18. 차태서, "분열된 영혼? 포스트-트럼프 시대 미국 정체성 서사 경쟁", 미국학논집, 54(1), pp.55~98 (2022)
  19. 최봉대, "북한 사회 주민들의 멘탈리티와 사회적 통합 기제", 현대북한연구, 2(2), pp.233~302 (1999)
  20. 허수진, "프랑코 통치 하 스페인의 모로코 영토 협상 : 존재론적 안보로서 스페인의 제국적 정체성", 국제정치논총, 59(3), pp.89~124 (2019)
  21. "로동신문, 2023년 9월 28일", ~ (2023)
  22. Abdelal, Rawi, "Identity as a Variable", Perspectives on Politics, 4(4), pp.695~711 (2006)
  23. Ariffin, Yohan, "Emotions in International Politics : Beyond Mainstream International Relations" (2016), Cambridge University Press
  24. Bernstein, Barton J., "Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration", pp.15~77 (1970), Quadrangle Books
  25. Browning, Christopher S., "Nation branding, National Self-esteem and the Constitution of Subjectivity in Late Modernity", Foreign Policy Analysis, 11(2), pp.195~214 (2015)
  26. Browning, Christopher S., "From Fratricide to Security Community : Re-theorising Difference in the Constitution of Nordic Peace", Journal of International Relations and Development, 16(4), pp.483~513 (2013)
  27. Browning, Christopher S., "Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security: Peace Anxieties", pp.154~171 (2015), Routledge
  28. Browning, Christopher S., "Ontological Security, Self-articulation and the Securitization of Identity", Cooperation and Conflict, 52(1), pp.31~47 (2017)
  29. Campbell, David, "Writing Security" (1998), University of Minnesota Press
  30. "How Americans Were Driven to Extremes" (2019)[URL]
  31. "How Americans were Driven to Extremes" (2019)[URL]
  32. "Leftists and Liberals Are Still Fighting Over the Cold War" (2021)[URL]
  33. Cox, Michael, "The New Liberal Empire : US Power in the Twenty-First Century", Irish Studies in International Affairs, 12, pp.39~56 (2001)
  34. Crawford, Neta C., "The Passion of World Politics : Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships", International Security, 24(4), pp.116~156 (2000)
  35. Croft, Stuart, "Securitizing Islam : Identity and the Search for Security" (2012), Cambridge University Press
  36. Cumings, Bruce, "Orientalism and War", pp.39~64 (2013), Oxford Academic
  37. Epstein, Charlotte, "Who speaks? Discourse, the Subject and the Study of Identity in International Politics", European Journal of International Relations, 17(2), pp.327~350 (2011)
  38. Fierke, Karin M., "Political Self-sacrifice : Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations" (2012), Cambridge University Press
  39. Flockhart, Trine, "The Problem of Change in Constructivist Theory : Ontological Security Seeking and Agent Motivation", Review of International Studies, 42(5), pp.799~820 (2016)
  40. Giddens, Anthony, "The Constitution of Society : Outline of the Theory of Structuration" (1986), University of California Press
  41. Giddens, Anthony, "Modernity and Self-Identity" (1991), Polity
  42. Gleason, Philip, "Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups", pp.31~57 (1980), Belknap Press
  43. Glynos, Jason, "Structure, Agency and Power in Political Analysis : Beyond Contextualized Self-interpretations", Political Studies Review, 6(1), pp.155~169 (2008)
  44. Go, Julian, "The Provinciality of American Empire : ‘Liberal Exceptionalism’ and U. S. Colonial Rule, 1898-1912", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 49(1), pp.74~108 (2007)
  45. Gustafsson, Karl, "Memory Politics and Ontological Security in Sino-Japanese Relations", Asian Studies Review, 38(1), pp.71~86 (2014)
  46. Hagström, Linus, "Great Power Narcissism and Ontological(In)Security : The Narrative Mediation of Greatness and Weakness in International Politics", International Studies Quarterly, 65(2), pp.331~342 (2021)
  47. Hartz, Louis, "The Liberal Tradition in America" (1955), Mariner Books
  48. "Exclusive: Trump Would Talk to North Korea’s Kim, Wants to Renegotiate Climate Accord" (2016)[URL]
  49. Hollinger, David, "From Identity to Solidarity", Dædalus, 135(4), pp.23~41 (2006)
  50. Holmes, Marcus, "Face-to-Face Diplomacy : Social Neuroscience and International Relations" (2018), Cambridge University Press
  51. Huntington, Samuel P., "American Politics : The Promise of Disharmony" (1981), Belknap Press
  52. Huntington, Samuel P., "Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity" (2004), Simon & Schuster
  53. Hutchison, Emma, "Theorizing Emotions in World Politics", International Theory, 6(3), pp.491~514 (2014)
  54. Huysmans, Jef, "Security! What Do You Mean? From Concept to Thick Signifier", European Journal of International Relations, 4(2), pp.226~255 (1998)
  55. Ikenberry, G. J., "After Victory : Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars" (2001), Princeton University Press
  56. Ikenberry, G. J., "The Future of the Liberal World Order : Internationalism After America", Foreign Affairs, 90(3), pp.56~68 (2011)
  57. Ikenberry, G. J., "Reflections on After Victory", The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 21(1), pp.5~19 (2019)
  58. Katzenstein, Peter J., "Uncertainty and Its Discontents : Worldviews in World Politics" (2022), Cambridge University Press
  59. King, Desmond S., "Racial Orders in American Political Development", American Political Science Review, 99(1), pp.75~92 (2005)
  60. Kinnvall, Catarina, "Globalization and Religious Nationalism : Self, Identity and the Search for Ontological Security", Political Psychology, 25(5), pp.741~767 (2004)
  61. Klose, Stephan, "Interactionist Role Theory Meets Ontological Security Studies : an Exploration of Synergies between Socio-psychological Approaches to the Study of International Relations", European Journal of International Relations, 26(3), pp.851~874 (2020)
  62. Krickel-Choi, Nina C., "Defending the Islands, Defending the Self: Taiwan, Sovereignty and the Origin of the Diaoyu", Senkaku Islands Dispute as Ontological Security-seeking, 2023, 1~27
  63. Laing, Robert D, "The Divided Self : An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness" (1990), Penguin Books
  64. Lausten, Martin, "Language at War. A Critical Discourse Analysis by Speeches of Bush and Obama on War and Terrorism" (2016), Grin Verlag
  65. "Trump Shows ‘Extraordinary’ Letter from N.K. Leader" (2018)[URL]
  66. Lupovici, Amir, "Ontological Dissonance, Clashing Identities, and Israel’s Unilateral Steps towards the Palestinians", Review of International Studies, 38(4), pp.809~833 (2012)
  67. Lyman, Stanford M., "Gunnar Myrdal’s ‘An American Dilemma’ after a Half Century : Critics and Anticritics", International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 12(2), pp.327~389 (1998)
  68. Mälksoo, Maria, "‘Memory Must be Defended’ : Beyond the Politics of Mnemonical Security", Security Dialogue, 46(3), pp.221~237 (2015)
  69. Maney, Patrick J., "Morris H. Rubin, the Progressive, and Cold War Liberalism", The Wisconsin Magazine of History, 67(3), pp.185~198 (1984)
  70. McSweeney, Bill, "Security, Identity, and Interests" (1999), Cambridge University Press
  71. Mearsheimer, John, "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" (2001), W. W. Norton and Company
  72. Mercer, Jonathan, "Human Nature and the First Image : Emotion in International Politics", Journal of International Relations and Development, 9(3), pp.288~303 (2006)
  73. Mercer, Jonathan, "Feeling Like a State : Social Emotion and Idenity", International Theory, 6(4), pp.515~535 (2014)
  74. Miller, Eric A., "The New World Order in Theory and Practice : The Bush Administration’s Worldview in Transition", Presidential Studies Quarterly, 31(1), pp.56~68 (2001)
  75. "General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong Chairs an Official Welcome Ceremony for US President" (2023)[URL]
  76. Mitzen, Jennifer, "Ontological Security in World Politics : State Identity and the Security Dilemma", European Journal of International Relations, 12(6), pp.341~370 (2006)
  77. Moyn, Samuel, "Liberalism Against Itself : Cold War Intellectuals and the Making of Our Times" (2023), Yale University Press
  78. Nye, Joseph S., "Is the American Century Over?", Political Science Quarterly, 130(3), pp.393~400 (2015)
  79. Nye, Joseph S., "Will the Liberal Order Survive? The History of an Idea", Foreign Affairs, 96(1) (2017)
  80. Postmes, Tom, "Behavior Online: Does Anonymous Computer Communication Reduce Gender Inequality?", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(8), pp.1073~1083 (2002)
  81. Rees, Morgan Thomas, "Ontological(in)Security and the Iran Nuclear Deal—Explaining Instability in US Foreign Policy Interests", Foreign Policy Analysis, 19(3), pp.1~21 (2023)
  82. Reicher, Stephen D., "A Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Phenomena", European Review of Social Psychology, 6(1), pp.161~198 (1995)
  83. Rumelili, Bahar, "Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security : Peace Anxieties" (2015), Routledge
  84. Schildkraut, Deborah J., "Defining American Identity in the Twenty-First Century:How Much “There” is There?", Journal of Politics, 69(3), pp.597~615 (2007)
  85. Singer, Jefferson A., "The Remembered Self : Emotion and Memory in Personality" (1993), The Free Press
  86. Smith, Rogers M., "Civic Ideals Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U. S. History" (1999), Yale University Press
  87. Steele, Brent J., "Ontological Security and the Power of Self-identity : British Neutrality and the American Civil War", Review of International Studies, 31(3), pp.519~540 (2005)
  88. Steele, Brent J., "Ontological Security in International Relations : Self Identity and the IR State" (2008), Routledge
  89. Steele, Brent J., "‘Ideals That Were Really Never in Our Possession’ : Torture, Honor, and US Identity", International Relations, 22(2), pp.243~261 (2008)
  90. Steele, Brent J., "Review of Ontological Security in International Relations : Self-Identity and the IR State", Romanian Review of International Studies, 6(2), pp.73~77 (2012)
  91. Subotic, Jelena, "Narrative, Ontological Security, and Foreign Policy Change", Foreign Policy Analysis, 12(4), pp.610~627 (2016)
  92. "Faith, Certainty and the Presidency of George W. Bush" (2004)[URL]
  93. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices:Democratic People’s Republic of Korea" (2019)[URL]
  94. "National Security Strategy of the United States" (1991)[URL]
  95. "National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement" (1994)[URL]
  96. "National Security Strategy of for a New Century" (1999)[URL]
  97. "Prevent Our Enemies from Threatening Us, Our Allies, and Our Friends with Weapons of Mass Destruction" (2002)[URL]
  98. "The President’s State of the Union Address" (2002)[URL]
  99. "National Security Strategy of the United States" (2010)[URL]
  100. "Remarks by the President to the United Nations General Assembly" (2010)[URL]
  101. "National Security Strategy of the United States" (2015)[URL]
  102. "National Security Strategy of the United States" (2017)[URL]
  103. "Remarks by President Trump to the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea" (2017)[URL]
  104. "Remarks by President Trump and President Moon of the Republic of Korea Before Bilateral Meeting" (2018)[URL]
  105. "National Security Strategy" (2022)[URL]
  106. "President Biden’s State of the Union Address" (2022)[URL]
  107. "President Joseph R. Biden and General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong Announce the U.S.-Vietnam Comprehensive Strategic Partnership" (2023)[URL]
  108. Theiss-Morse, Elizabeth, "Who Counts as an American? The Boundaries of National Identity" (2009), Cambridge University Press
  109. Turner, John C., "Rediscovering the Social Group : A Self-Categorization Theory" (1987), Basil Blackwell
  110. "Joint Statement at the UN Security Council Stakeout on the Human Rights Situation in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea" (2023)[URL]
  111. Waltz, Kenneth N., "Theory of International Politics" (1979), Random House
  112. Walzer, Michael, "What It Means to Be an American : Essays on the American Experience" (1990), Marsilio
  113. Wendt, Alexander, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State", The American Political Science Review, 88(2), pp.385~388 (1994)
  114. Westad, Odd Arne, "The Global Cold War : Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times" (2005), Cambridge University Press
  115. Wills, Garry, "Inventing America : Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence" (2018), Vintage Publication
  116. "Library of Congress" (2023)[URL]

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (7건)