근대 중국 사학(史學)의 형성과 변용*

Abstract

This study was conducted based on the view of nation-state construction as the genealogy of modern Chinese history. During the internal and external crisis from Western powers in the late Qing dynasty and the invasion of Japanese imperialism, the intellectuals tried to go through those difficult situations with the project of nation-state construction. As everyone knows, it can be said that the nation-state construction has shared its fate with ‘people(nation) making’ as a collective historical subject as well as physical aspect of determining exclusive area. In those days China needed to solve two significant problems to construct the nation-state. The first was to divert from the monistic world view of ‘Sinocentric = World’ to the unitary state with pluralistic world view of ‘China= Nation.’ And the second was to divert from the view of local or racial notion to the national consciousness(people’s consciousness) as the member of a nation. In this aspect, the primary goal of modern Chinese history was to convert from the world view to the nation view and it was a kind of enlightening narrative providing the national and people’ s consciousness. Therefore the creation of ‘China’, ‘Chinese history’ penetrating each age by diverting from the traditional description of history, whose focus was on the dynasty, became the goal as well as the starting point of modern history. The journey of modern history from Liang Qichao’s(梁啓超) new history to Li Dazhao’s(李大釗) Marxist history had focus on how to build nation state of ‘China’ through various ways. Even though there were lots of debates about the concept and range of people as a subject of history, they did not divert much from the big frame of ‘people making.’ Of course there were some challenges to deal the ‘history’ with globalization as in the case of Gu Jiegang(顧頡剛). In fact some criticisms on national mythology making of ‘doubting antiquity history’(擬古史學) were outstanding during a specific period and acutely mentioned the problem of grasping Chinese history and culture as globalization. Gu Jiegang published his book, zhongguo jiangyu yangeshi(中國疆域沿革史) during the Manchurian incident(滿洲事變) and January 28 Incident(上 海事變) resulted from the blatant aggression of Japan but also described “the purpose of writing was to enlighten the Chinese people as well as Japanese imperialist that the Han race had extended its area to Machuria, Mongolia and even to Korea those days and before so it had the right on them in the historical view.” It shows that he also did not divert from the big frame of ‘people making’. That is to say, he seemed not to divert from the frame of nationalist project by proclaiming the identity of Han race in China and its historic right on those areas in his book of the 1930s. Is modern history as ‘people making’ successful or not? It needs to understand that ‘cinocentrism(中華民族論)’ which integrated minorities on the base of the Han race after Chinese revolution resulted in the adverse effect rather reinforcing the identity of large minorities by threatening non-Han race that had never been thought as ‘China’ in history. When considering that there is still an effort, even today, to make historical and cultural traits of each people melted in a large blast furnace of ‘sinocentric’, ‘people making’ project of modern history seems remain in progress.