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양극성장애 환자와 대조군에서 뇌파 코히런스의 성별 차이

The Sex-Related Differences of EEG Coherences between Patients with Bipolar Disorder and Controls

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주제분류정신과학

초록

뇌파(electroencephalography, 이하 EEG)는 대뇌 피질의 전기적 활동을 측정하여 뇌의 기능을 관찰할 수 있도록 해주는 것으로 1929년 Hans Berger1)가 처음으로 사람을 대상으로 뇌파를 측정한 이후 현재까지 임상에서 널리 사용되고있다. 뇌파는 뇌의 기능을 볼 수 있는 다른 측정 도구들과 비교하여 경제적이며, 짧은 검사 시간 및 시간의 흐름에 따른 두뇌 기능의 변화를 측정하여 분석할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 뇌의 구조적 혹은 기능적 비대칭성은 발생 당시 남성과 여성에서 동일한 정도로 표현되었다가 성호르몬에 의해 이차적으로 변형이 되어 남성에서는 반구간 비대칭성(inter-hemispheric asymmetry)이 커지고 여성에서는 감소하는 결과가 발생한다는 연구 결과가 널리 수용되고 있다.2) 뇌파의 코히런스(electroencephalographic coherence)는 대뇌 피질의 서로 다른 곳에서 발생시키는 전기 신호의 상호관계 분석을 통해 얻을 수 있으며, 다른 두 대뇌 영역 사이의 기능적 연결성을 반영하는 척도로, 여러 연구에 사용되고 있다.3)4) 일반적으로 여성은 남성에 비해 반구간 코히런스(interhemispheric coherence)가 큰 것으로 알려져 있다.5)6) 성별은 뇌파에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인으로 알려져 있으며, 뇌파의 스펙트럼 분석에서 여성은 남성에 비해 상대적으로 알파 주파수(α wave) 영역에서 파워(power) 증가 및 세타 주파수(θ wave) 영역에서의 낮은 파워를 보였다.7) 뇌파 스펙트럼 파워의 크기가 개인 간 차이를 보이는 것뿐만 아니라,8) 알코올중독, 우울증과 불안장애 등의 정신병과 관련이 있다는 보고가 있다.9)10) 양극성장애 환자의 조증기(manic phase)와 증상의 완화(remission) 시기를 비교한 뇌파의 스펙트럼 파워분석에서 조증기에 우측 뇌의 FP2P4 부위와 좌측 뇌의 F7T3 부위에서 파워의 증가 소견이 관찰되었다.11) 이와 같이 뇌파의 파워측정은 뇌파 연구에서 흔히 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 대뇌의영역 간 기능적인 연결성과 복잡성을 보기 위해 파워 측정 대신 코히런스 값을12) 측정하였다.

Abstract

Objectives:Sex hormones exposure during the prenatal period has an effect on cerebral lateralization. Male brains are thought to be more lateralized than female brains. Bipolar disorder was known to show abnormalities in cerebral laterality whose characteristics could be estimated by electroencephalography (EEG) coherences. We studied sex-related differences of EEG coherences between healthy controls and patients with bipolar disorder to examine the sex effects in the genesis of bipolar disorder. Methods:Participants were 25 patients with bipolar disorder (11 male, 14 female) and 46 healthy controls (23 male, 23 female). EEG was recorded in the eyes closed resting state. To examine dominant EEG coherence associated with sex differences in both groups within five frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma) across several brain regions, statistical analyses were performed using analysis of covariance. Results:Though statistically meaningful results were not found, some remarkable findings were noted. Healthy control females showed more increased interhemispheric coherences than control males in gamma frequency band. There were no differences in the intrahemispheric coherences between the healthy control males and females. In patients with bipolar disorder, female dominant pattern in interhemispheric coherences was attenuated compared with healthy control. Conclusions:Sex differences of EEG coherences, which could be a marker for cerebral laterality, were attenuated in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls. These results imply that abnormal sex hormone exposure during early development might play some role in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder.

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