과학기술혁신과 국제개발협력: 독일의 기후변화관련 기술이전협력체계분석을 중심으로
Science, Technology and Innovation and International Development Cooperation: Analysis of German Technology Transfer Cooperation Framework for Climate Change
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본 연구는 국제사회에서 향후 다자적 기술협력을 위한 기술 메커니즘의 중요성이 더욱 부각될 것이라는 배경 하에 독일의 기후변화 관련 기술이전 체계에 대한 연구가 향후 적절한 한국형 기술이전 체계를 형성함에 있어 유용하다는 전제를 가지고 있다. 또한 본 연구는 그동안의 기술이전 연구들이 간과해온 기술이전의 상이한 결과는 같은 물리적 조건에도 불구하고 다른 사회적 규범의 영향을 받는 행위자들로 부터 발생하므로기술이전은 더 해석적이고 더 조직적 맥락에서 파악하고 기술이전을 기술과 규범적 그리고 인식적 제도의 상호작용으로 이해하여 기술이전의 제도적 연구의 중요성을 강조한다. 독일의 기술이전체계 연구를 통해, 우선, 기술이전은 각 단계에서 나타는 기회와 위기요소를 구별하고 연결하는 다층적 접근법이 요구된다는 점에서 독일의 관련 부처와 이행기관인 GIZ는 정책형성의 단계에서부터 기술이전국가의 정부 그리고 관련 부처와 긴밀히 협력하고 있다. 또한 조직 간 분절화에 대처하여 유연성의 확보를 위한 통합적인패키지 접근법을 통해 각각의 프로그램이 조정을 통해 협력할 수 있는 공간을 마련하고개발협력을 수행하는 데 있어 정치적 요소와 이행요소인 기술과 금융협력의 분리는 정책의 지속성 유지에 도움을 주고 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 UNFCCC의 다자무대에서 개도국이 다자간 협상에 적극적으로 참여하여 협상의 결과를 국가적 조치로 연계할 수 있도록 협력하며 결과기반 평가방식에 근거한 개발협력은 협력국의 평가역량 개발을 목적으로 M&E와 MRV를 위한 역량강화 지원으로 연결되고 있다. 따라서 독일 사례에 비추어, 한국의 기술이전체계는 관련 정부 조직 및 정부출연연구소 간 분절화 경향, 업무의 중복성, 협업과 분업을 관할하는 컨트롤 타워와 기술지식의허브 구축이 매우 중요한 과제라고 할 수 있다. 특히, 통합 전략 부재와 기관 간 분절화현상이 뚜렷한 상황에서 향후 개발협력과정에서의 기술이전 사업 활성화를 위해서는 단기적인 구조 개혁 보다는 단계별이고도 점진적인 전략의 설정이 필요하며 다자 간 무대에서 활성화 될 수 있는 개발파트너십의 정비가 요구된다.
Abstract
As the technology mechanism for multilateral technology cooperation in international society has been acquiring more significance, this research presumes that researching Germany’s technology transfer system on climate change will be beneficial in promoting and generating Korea’s future technology transfer system. This article provides a neglected institutionalism perspective on technology transfer by arguing that it explains the difficulties in transferring technology in terms of the discrepancy between developed and developing countries, brings to the fore the interaction between normative and cognitive institution and technology, and it puts context back into technology more interpretative and institutional in nature. As technology transfer requires multifaceted approach to identify opportunities and crises in each stage, it is verified through the research on GIZ technology transfer framework that GIZ and the relevant government agencies cooperate with the partner countries early from the policy formulation. Segmentation among organizations could be managed through package approach in which each program provides chances to cooperate and divides political factors from technology and financial cooperation which is necessary for policy coherence and continuity. Also, Germany supports developing countries to actively participate in UNFCCC’s multilateral negotiations, to implement the negotiations into government policies, and to build up capacity for M&F and MRV. In light of the German case, Korea’s current technology transfer projects could be characterized by segmentation between government organizations and governmental research institutions, repetition of projects and responsibilities, absence of control towers controlling cooperation and division of labor are the existing issues of Korea’s technology transfer framework. Thus, it is crucial to promote and the establishment of control towers and hubs to command and control the information will also be one of the crucial tasks to be done. As segmentation among organizations and the lack of general strategy appear as problems, ‘global deployment program’ and the reorganization of partnership could be suggested for technology transfer in future ODA projects instead of a short-term systemic reforms.
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