근대 일본의‘병원’: 용어의 도입과 개념형성을 중심으로
"Byoin" in Modern Japan: Focusing on the Terminological Introduction of "Hospital" and the Complex Formation of Its Concept
0
조회
0
다운로드
6
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This paper aims to clarify when the term of Byoin (病院, hospital) was introduced and how its concept was developed in modern Japan. The word “Byoin” was introduced in Japan in 1787 for the first time, but it had not been in use until early 1860s. Instead, various medical institutions performing the functions of modern medical facilities, such as Yojosho (養生所, A place for preserving health), Shijuku (私塾, private school), called by traditional names as ever. Japanese intellectuals already adopted the word Byoin and the concept of western hospital in early 1860s when their national delegates were dispatched to Europe to revise the treaties forged with western powers. Japanese translations of hospital appeared in English-Japanese/Japanese-English dictionaries published in the 1860s. For instance, the word Byoin (hospital in Japanese) was first published in a dictionary published in 1867 and unclearly connected to the words, hospital, infirmary. This paper will argue that the concept of Byoin was sophisticated through Meiji government's efforts to implement reforms distinguishing medical facilities based on their capacity of inpatients and quality. The first medical law (醫制, Isei) proclaimed by the Meiji government in 1874 articulated regulations for a hospital in eight different articles. The government established hospitals in various parts of the country, following its newly established modern medical care policies. However, in this process, Iin (醫院, hospital/clinic), another term for “hospital” appeared. Regional differences and financial issues made standardizing the concept of a hospital even more difficult. In response to the widely embedded confusion, the Japanese government made an effort to clarify the concept of a hospital, setting up provisions regarding the size of medical facilities. As a result, the word Byoin finally came to be used for a hospital with more than ten beds, while a clinic with beds below ten was called Shinryojo (診 療所, clinic). On the other hand, Iin meant a medical facility less qualified than a hospital since 1933 when Japanese government made a harder restriction on the usage of Byoin.
Abstract
This paper aims to clarify when the term of Byoin (病院, hospital) was introduced and how its concept was developed in modern Japan. The word “Byoin” was introduced in Japan in 1787 for the first time, but it had not been in use until early 1860s. Instead, various medical institutions performing the functions of modern medical facilities, such as Yojosho (養生所, A place for preserving health), Shijuku (私塾, private school), called by traditional names as ever. Japanese intellectuals already adopted the word Byoin and the concept of western hospital in early 1860s when their national delegates were dispatched to Europe to revise the treaties forged with western powers. Japanese translations of hospital appeared in English-Japanese/Japanese-English dictionaries published in the 1860s. For instance, the word Byoin (hospital in Japanese) was first published in a dictionary published in 1867 and unclearly connected to the words, hospital, infirmary. This paper will argue that the concept of Byoin was sophisticated through Meiji government's efforts to implement reforms distinguishing medical facilities based on their capacity of inpatients and quality. The first medical law (醫制, Isei) proclaimed by the Meiji government in 1874 articulated regulations for a hospital in eight different articles. The government established hospitals in various parts of the country, following its newly established modern medical care policies. However, in this process, Iin (醫院, hospital/clinic), another term for “hospital” appeared. Regional differences and financial issues made standardizing the concept of a hospital even more difficult. In response to the widely embedded confusion, the Japanese government made an effort to clarify the concept of a hospital, setting up provisions regarding the size of medical facilities. As a result, the word Byoin finally came to be used for a hospital with more than ten beds, while a clinic with beds below ten was called Shinryojo (診 療所, clinic). On the other hand, Iin meant a medical facility less qualified than a hospital since 1933 when Japanese government made a harder restriction on the usage of Byoin.
참고문헌 (55)
- 內務省衛生局, "『衛生局年報』 第八次報告, 1882-1883년", ~ (1882)
- "山口藩常備兵上京ニ関シ処置方ヲ候ス", 日本國立公文書館(太 00108100), ~ (1869)
- "長崎仮病院規則撰定ノ儀", 內閣-單行書-處蕃書類, 日本國立公文書館(単00663100), ~ (1874)
- "付屬醫院及附屬病院ノ事", 內閣-記錄材料-記錄材料•東京大學第一年報, 日本國立公文書館(記01530100), ~ (1880)
- "第一医院脚気病室監督申報附表一", 內閣-記錄材料-記錄材料•東京大學第二年報, 日本國立公文書館(記01531100), ~ (1882)
- "諸般ノ表", 內閣-記錄材料-記錄材料•東京大學第五年報, 日本國立公文書館(記01539100), ~ (1878)
- 高橋新吉, "和譯英辭書" (1869), American Presbyterian Mission Press
- 関寛斎, "奥羽出張病院日記", ~ (1868)
- 工藤鐵男, "日本東京醫事通覽" (1901), 日本東京醫事通覽發行所
- 堀達之助, "英和對譯袖珍辭書", ~ (1862)
- 東京大學醫學部, "東京大學醫學部一覽 從明治14年至明治15年", ~ (1881)
- 林曽登吉, "新譯和英辭書" (1893), 細川書房
- 福澤諭吉, "西洋事情, 卷之一" (1868), 林芳兵衛等
- 福澤諭吉, "續福澤全集 19" (1971), 岩波書店
- 寺島宗則, "寺島宗則自敍傳", 傳記, 3(4) (1936)
- 山口力之助, "帝國醫籍寶鑑" (1898), 南江堂
- 森嶋中良, "紅毛雑話, 卷之一"
- 松田晋斎, "淸英交際始末" (1869), 慶應義塾同社
- 水野嘉藏, "醫院病院經營の秘訣" (1926), 圖南舍
- 本杏林社, "日本杏林要覽" (1909), 日本杏林社
- 柴田博陽, "栃木繁昌記" (1899), 宮川庸三郎
- 藏田屋清右衛門, "改正增補 英和對譯袖珍辭書" (1869)
- 箸尾寅之助, "新譯和英辭書" (1887), 嵩山堂
- 槙鉄男, "最近旭川案内" (1905), 上条虎之助
- 草野肇, "官民必携規則提要" (1880), 江島伊兵衛
- 平文, "和英語林集成" (1872), 日本橫濱梓行
- 豊田千速, "ダイヤモンド英和辭典" (1888), 武田福蔵
- 厚生省醫務局, "醫制百年史 資料編" (1976), ぎょうせい
- J. C. Hepburn, "A Japanese and English Dictionary : with an English and Japanese Index" (1867), Trubner&Co
- Léon Pagès, "Dictionnaire Japonais-Français" (1868), Firmin Didot Frères
- W.H. Medhurst, "英語箋後編, 1-4卷" (1863)
- 스가야 아키라, "일본의 병원" (1989), 의학출판사
- 內海孝, "橫濱の疫病史-萬治病院の110年" (1988), 橫濱市衛生局
- 東京大學醫學部創立百年紀念會, "東京大學醫學部百年史" (1967), 東京大學出版會
- 鈴木則子, "江戶の流行り病-痲疹騷動はなぜ起こったのか" (2012), 吉川弘文館
- 福永肇, "日本病院史" (2014), ピラ〡ルプレス
- 山本俊一, "日本コレラ史" (1982), 東京大學出版會
- 安藤優一郞, "江戶の養生所" (2005), PHP硏究所
- 猪飼周平, "病院の世紀の理論" (2013), 有斐閣
- 靑柳精一, "近代醫療のあけぼの幕末•明治の醫事制度" (2011), 思文閣出版
- 土屋忠良, "診療所取締規則の硏究" (1938), 福島縣醫師會報編輯部
- 厚生省醫務局, "醫制八十年史" (1955), 印刷局朝陽會
- 厚生省醫務局, "醫制百年史" (1976), ぎょうせい
- Lindsay Grandshaw, "The Hospital in History" (1989), Routledge
- Harold J. Cook, "Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age" (2007), Yale University Press
- 김영수, "동아시아 역사 속의 의사들" (2015), 역사공간
- 김옥주, "에도 말 메이지 초 일본 서양의사의 형성에 대하여", 의사학, 20(2), pp.493~554 (2011), 대한의사학회
- 金久保好男, "「病院」と「hospital」", 千葉医学, 75 (1999)
- 山本志保, "明治前期におけるコレラ流行と衛生行政", 法政史學, 56 (2001)
- 伊藤ちぢ代, "衛生行政と健康に關する法制度-健康觀の哲學的基礎付けのための基礎硏究", 日本大學大學院總合社會情報硏究科紀要, 6 (2005)
- 笠原英彦, "近代日本における衛生行政論の展開", 法學硏究, 69(1) (1996)
- 中西淳朗, "船舶移送をうけた奥羽出張病院患者の轉歸", 日本醫史學雜誌, 44(3) (1998)
- 川上武, "わが國における醫師制度の成立過程と今日的目標", 建築雜誌, 88 (1973)
- 後藤眞澄, "明治初期における医事制度の成立--医制の成立", 名城法学論集, 31 (2003)
- 厚生勞動統計協會, "地域の醫療と介護を知るために", 厚生の指標, 63(11) (2016)