아름다움이란 무엇인가? - 대한민국 2, 30대 여성의 美인식에 대한 근거이론적 접근 -
What Is Beauty? - The Aesthetic Cognition of Korean Women in Their 20s and 30s -
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본 연구는 대한민국 2, 30대 여성의 아름다움에 대한 인식을 밝히고자 기획되었다. 아름다움이 가지는 사회문화적 영향력이 강화되면서 관련 연구들이 다양한 학문 분야에서 진행되었으나, 이들 연구는 아름다움 그 자체에 대한이해보다는 아름다움의 사회문화적 영향력 검증에만 치중하였다는 한계를 보였다. 이에 본 연구는 ‘특정한 사회문화의 구성원이 신체의 외면적 특성으로 인해 경험하게 되는 미적경험과 가치, 혹은 미적 경험과 가치의 인식과정’을아름다움으로 정의내린 후 이를 기반으로 ‘아름다움이란 무엇인가?’란 질문에 대한 해답을 제시하고자 한다. 대한민국 2, 30대 여성이 연구의 대상으로 선정되었으며, 이들의 삶을 기반으로 도출된 자료를 근거이론적 방법을 통해분석함으로써 아름다움이란 현상에 대한 새로운 이론을 제시하였다. 본 연구를 통해 도출된 결과는 다음과 같다. 우리나라 2, 30대 여성의 아름다움에 대한 인식에 영향을 미치는 신체적 조건은 신체의 조형적 요소와 신체적 특성의 게슈탈트적 결합을 통해 형성되는 신체이미지인 것으로 나타났다. 더불어 미인의 사회적 권력화, 전반적 미의식, 외모관리산업의 발달, 성형의 보급, 매스미디어를 통한 미의식의 확산 등의 사회문화적 요소가 복합적으로 결합하여 아름다움의 인식에 영향을 미쳤다. 본 연구에서는 이상의 조건을 기반으로 하여 ‘아름다움이란 무엇인가?’란질문의 해답으로 ‘아름다움의 진정성’을 제시하였다. 대한민국의 2, 30대 여성은 성형과 화장, 피부관리, 체중관리,패션, 외모 이외의 능력개발 등의 전략을 통해 자신의 아름다움을 보완, 유지, 발전시키고 있었으며, 이들이 가지고있는 아름다움에 대한 양가적 감정은 외모관리전략의 수립에 중재적 영향을 끼쳤다. 이상과 같이 살펴본 결과의 최종적 결합을 통해 우리 사회의 여성들은 외모의 사회적 권력화 속에서도 인위적으로 자신의 신체를 변형시키기보다는, 스스로의 외모에 만족하면서 자신만의 고유한 아름다움을 개발하고자 함을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 연구결과를 통해 다음과 같은 시사점을 제공하고자 한다. 우선 우리사회가 보이고 있는 아름다움에 대한강박적 양가성을 해소할 수 있도록 여성들이 본인의 신체에 대한 주체성을 가질 수 있는 사회적 분위기가 형성되어야 한다. 특히 화장품, 패션기업과 같은 외모관리 산업은 자신만의 진정한 아름다움을 개발하고자 하는 대한민국 여성에게 소구할 수 있는 기업 전략 제시를 통해, 사회적 책임을 다함과 동시에 기업이미지 개선 역시 모색할 수 있으리라 생각된다.
Abstract
This study was designed to identify the phenomena of beauty cognition perceived by Korean women in their 20’s and 30’s. Physical attractiveness has influenced the evaluation of individual capacities and social classes powerfully in Korean society. As the sociocultural impact of beauty has been intensified, diverse researches have been conducted in various disciplines;however, those researches have been focused on not the inspection of perceived beauty definitions but the verification of their cultural impacts. Considering the limitation of precedent studies,this research suggested a conceptual definition of beauty, which is ‘aesthetic experiences and values, or beauty cognition’s process of physical attractiveness in a particular sociocultural situation’, through a carefully systemized review of literature from multiple disciplines. For this study, Korean women in their 20’s and 30’s were selected as the particular sociocultural group for the purpose of answering the question of ‘What is beauty?’ Analyzing the beauty cognition and the process of aesthetic experience in this group by grounded theory, this research proposed a systemized theory of beauty in the Korean sociocultural situation. Eighteen Korean women attending universities located in Seoul participated in this research as the interviewees of three focus group interviews for qualitative data collections and they developed research stimuli themselves for focus group interviews. Research stimuli were divided into two groups: one was sociocultural beauty which exactly coincides with sociocultural stereotypes of beauty and the other was selected according to their own perceptions of beauty. The researchers collected research stimuli from the interview participants and shared them during the focus group sessions. The data collected from the focus group interviews was analyzed with grounded theory,which was developed by Strauss and Corbin, in the field of nursing. This theory actualizes a unique theory from field observations and data interpretations. Data analysis following grounded theory’s three steps of open coding, axial coding and selective coding was performed. 53 subcategories were extracted according to the first step, open coding, and 21 categories were dimensionalized with the abstraction of subcategories. The second step, axial coding,systemized the results of the first step and generated the paradigm model. The final results of open and axial coding are displayed in <Figure 1>. Causal conditions in the paradigm model, which consisted of formative criteria of body and body image with gestalt qualities, show the fundamental body conditions of the beauty cognition. Also, contextual conditions were comprised of the social power of beauty, the general cognition of beauty, appearance management industries, diffusions of plastic surgery, and the direct impact of mass media and Confucian culture on beauty cognition. Using a systemized process of analysis, this research offered ‘beauty authenticity’ as the main phenomenon of aesthetic experience in the Korean sociocultural situation. Beauty authenticity, which means inherent beauty with a unique aura and deep impressions, was identified as the answer to the question of ‘What is beauty?’ In addition, ambivalent emotions and prejudices have interventional effects on physical appearance management, which is the strategic movement of maintaining, compensating and improving physical attractiveness. Korean women in their 20’s and 30’s showed diverse activities when it came to physical appearance management activities like plastic surgery, make up, skin care, weight management, fashion and another abilities except physical appearance. With those integrated results of analysis, this research suggested the formulations of the participants’attitudes toward beauty, which were divided into their attitude toward their own appearance and their attitude toward beauty. The results indicated that beauty was viewed as the maintenance of one’s unique authenticity; additionally, the research participants were satisfied with their own physical appearance and wanted to enhance their inherent attractiveness as their intrinsic beauty authenticity. Attitudes toward beauty were generated based on beauty authenticity,and they also had ambivalent characteristics like emotions and prejudices about beauty. As a result of integrated data interpretation, this research proposed that members of Korean culture generated a positive attitude of beauty with their own authenticity; they also determined that a negative attitude of beauty involves the loss of intrinsic authenticity. The implications of this research are as follows. This study observed compulsive ambivalence about beauty perceived by Korean society. It is not the only characteristic of modern society that beauty has powerful impacts; however, it is a serious problem that a sociocultural group collectively generates ambivalent emotions and attitudes toward beauty. For the purpose of resolving this social problem, Korean culture ought to undergo a change and support women’s freedom when it comes to choices concerning their own bodies. Especially, physical appearance management industries like fashion and cosmetic companies should establish diverse strategies which fulfill corporate social responsibilities and business ethics. With those strategic approaches,cosmetic and fashion companies would enhance their corporate image and finally improve sociocultural beauty cognition. This research generated a definition of beauty from related precedent research and explored the cognition of beauty. Based on the results, this study has significant suggestions on the beauty cognition process and tries to provide a comprehensive understanding ‘What is Beauty?’with consideration of systemized beauty cognition theory in Korean culture.
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