WTO 수산보조금 협정의 주요내용과 시사점
WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies : Analysis and Perspective
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과잉어획(overfishing)과 과잉어획능력(overcapacity), 그로 인한 수산자원의 고갈을 야기하는 주요 원인 중 하나로 각국 정부가 교부하는 막대한 구모의 수산보조금이 지목되어 왔다. 지난 22년 체결된 WTO 수산보조금협정은, 이와 같은 문제의식 하에 WTO 회원국들이 20년간 끈질기게 지속해 온 WTO 차원의 수산보조금 규제를 위한 협상의 가시적인 성과라는 점에서 높게 평가할 만하다. 또한, 수산보조금협정은 환경적 목표를 위해 체결된 최초의 WTO 협정으로서의 의의를 가지는데, 기존의 WTO 보조금협정은 수산보조금이 야기하는 환경적 문제를 다루기에는 적합치 않다는 점에 WTO 회원국들이 공감대를 형성하였을 뿐 아니라, 수산보조금 규제를 위한 별도의 협정 체결까지 나아갔다는 점은 WTO가 환경문제를 다루는 방식이 한층 도약했다는 점에서 시사하는 바가 크다. 수산보조금협정은 ‘IUU 어업’ 보조금, ‘과잉어획상태’ 보조금 등을 금지하는 금지보조금 규정들을 그 핵심으로 하나, 규제의 핵심 내용으로 같이 논의되었던 ‘과잉어획능력’ 보조금이 회원국들간 합의 실패로 제외되면서 규제의 실효성에 한계를 드러내는 것으로 보이며, 또한, 환경문제를 WTO에서 다루는 것에 있어서의 어려움도 드러낸다. 한편, 통상-환경 레짐 간 밀접한 연결 및 역할분담이 필수적인 수산보조금 규제의 문제에 있어서 FAO와 같은 국제기구의 역할이 제한적인 것도 아쉬운 부분으로 지적될 수 있다. 그러나, 향후 과잉어획능력 보조금을 포함한 좀더 포괄적인 규제를 위한 논의시, FAO와 같은 국제기구와위 보다 적극적인 협력, 연계체계를 구축한다면 좀더 효과적이고 온전한 WTO 수산보조금 규제체제가 마련될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.
Abstract
Fisheries subsidies which lead to overfishing and overcapacity are one of the main causes for depletion of fisheries resources of the world. However, WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties that regulate trade- distorting subsidies was not designed to adequately address the particular problem that fisheries subsidies create, which is depletion of exhaustible resources shared by all countries. Therefore, the WTO members have discussed the ways to regulate fishery subsidies as a part of the Doha Development Agenda. WTO Agreemen on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS) adopted in June, 2022 at the WTO Twelfth Ministerial Conference is the culmination of such discussions and the efforts by the WTO members. Prohibition of subsidies contributing to 'IUU Fishing' and subsidies regarding 'overfished stocks' form the core of the regulation under the AFS. However, WTO members failed to agree on, and had to exclude the prohibited subsidies contributing to overfishing and overcapacity from the final text, which makes the AFS falling short of a 'comprehensive' regulation of fisheries subsidies. Further weak and limited linkages with relevant international organizations such as FAO is regrettable, considering the evident importance of active collaboration with such organizations to effectively address this issue. Despite such shortcomings (which should be addressed in the discussions down the road), the AFS is a monumental achievement of WTO, being the first WTO Agreement ever with the main goal of promotion of sustainable development.
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