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주주권 보호 차원에서 의결권자문사의 역할 개선을 위한 규제 방향에 관한 소고 - 미국과 EU의 규제 경험을 중심으로 -

How to Improve the Role of the Proxy Advisors for the Protection of Shareholders Rights - Focusing on the Regulatory Experiences in the U.S. and the EU -

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주제분류법학

초록

의결권자문사의 영향력이 증대함에 따라 그 역할에 대한 논란도 커지고 있는 상황 에서, 이 글에서는 주주권 보호 차원에서 의결권자문사의 역할을 개선하는데 필요한 합리적인 방안은 무엇인지 알아보기 위한 기초작업으로 미국과 EU의 규제 경험을 분석하였다. 규제당국의 궁극적 정책 목표, 즉 기관투자자를 포함하여 주주가 제대로 된 정보를 바탕으로 자신의 의결권을 행사할 수 있도록 하여야 하는데 이러한 과정에서 이를 보조하는 기능을 수행하는 의결권자문사가 제대로 그 역할을 수행하도록 하려는 목표는 같지만, 그러한 목표 달성에 적합한 방법이 무엇인가에 대한 접근방식에 있어서는 미국과 EU의 규제 경험에는 상당한 간극이 존재한다. 미국에서는 감독당국의 직접 개입방식을 채택하고 있다. 입법을 통한 법제화 시도가 무산되자 기존 법령상 근거에 기한 행정규제 방식을 채택하기도 하는 등 규제 형식이나 규제강도에 있어서는 시기별로 차이가 있으나, 감독당국이 직접적으로 구체 적인 행위규제(법제화 시도시에는 진입규제 포함)와 위반시 제재조치를 수반하는 강행규정을 적용하는 접근방식을 채택하고 있다. 그러나 미시적으로 들여다보면, 그규제 강도 측면에서는 일관된 방향성을 찾기 어렵고 최근 연방법원들간에 엇갈린 판단도 혼란스러움을 더하고 있다. 미국은 역사와 규모면에서 앞선 의결권자문시장이고 더욱이 양대 글로벌 의결권자문사의 본거지라는 점에서 미국의 규제 방식과 방향 성은 우리에게도 심대한 영향을 미칠 것이고, 특히 집권당이 변경되는 시점인 만큼 주의 깊게 지켜볼 필요가 있다. 한편 EU는 “감독당국 감독하의 자율규제(monitored self-regulation)” 방식을 채택하여 미국과는 전혀 다른 접근 방식으로 나아가고 있다. 규제형식 측면에서는 감독당국이 주도하는 자율규제로 출발하여 법률 규제 테두리 안으로 포섭하는 형태 (SRD II 제정)로 변화하였다. 그러나 실질에 있어서는 감독당국에서 기본적 방향성은 제시하되 구체적인 내용면에서는 직접 개입하지 아니하고 정보 공시를 주된 정책 수단으로 하여 의결권자문사 차원의 자율규제로 정하도록 한다는 방향성 측면에서 결정적인 변화를 찾아보기는 힘들다. 감독당국이 지속적인 모니터링을 통하여 자율규제 수준을 점진적으로 높이도록 유도하고 있는 정도의 상당히 온화한 접근방식 인데, 양대 글로벌자문사가 참여하는 자율규제기구(BPPG)를 통하여 실효성을 확보 하려는 것이다. 굳이 분류하자면 자율규제와 강행규제를 접목한 타협안이라고 할 수있겠다. 미국과 EU의 규제 경험 분석 결과를 종합하면, 일률적으로 모델이 될 만한 규제 방안을 찾기 보다는 우리의 상황에 맞는 접근방식을 선택하여야 한다는 결론이다. 우리에게 주어진 여건상 우선 EU와의 공통분모에 주목하게 된다. 글로벌 시장을 압도적으로 장악하고 있는 양대 글로벌 의결권자문사의 존재를 인정할 수밖에 없다는 점과 규모의 경제가 결정적으로 작동하는 의결권자문업의 특성까지를 감안하면 직접적 강행규제를 도입할 경우 신규 진입은 물론 기존 업자에게도 생존의 문제로 다가올 위험성이 있기 때문이다. 그리고 EU와 비교할 때 국내 자본시장 규모가 작은데 따른 한계, 규제비용 증가시 국내 기관투자자의 감내 능력, 국내 자본시장에서 외국 투자자의 지분비율이 높고 이들은 대개 글로벌 의결권자문사의 영향력 범위 내에 있을 개연성이 크다는 점, 글로벌 의결권자문사의 국내 규제 체계로의 현실적 수용(또는 참여) 가능성, 우리나라의 회사법과 기업지배구조나 주주총회 관행 차이 등 EU와 비교하여 차별화되는 여건 역시 고려하여야 한다. 주주권 보호 차원에서 의결권자문사의 역할이 강조되는 세계적 흐름을 부인할 수없는 만큼 앞으로 미국과 EU를 포함한 각국의 규제 경험을 바탕으로 우리 실정에 맞게 의결권자문사의 역할을 개선할 수 있는 체계가 도입되기를 바란다.

Abstract

For years controversy surrounding the role of the proxy advisory industry, which is in essence a duopoly by Institutional Shareholder Services(ISS) and Glass Lweis(GL) globally, has grown as the influence of proxy advisors recommendations has grown. This Article analyses the regulatory experiences in the U.S. and EU to examine the choice alternatives for whether and how to regulate the industry with an agenda, that is, an improvement of the role of the proxy advisors for the protection of shareholders rights. The author finds that there exists significant divide between the regulatory approaches taken by the U.S. and EU, even though they have common policy agenda on this issue. The U.S. experiences has shown a framework based upon direct involvement by the government authorities with mandatory rule and enforcement mechanism. In a closer look, she found back and forth in the direction of the government actions. Once legislative efforts failed in 2017, SEC introduced regulations to govern the proxy advisory industry by way of amendments to the proxy rules under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 in 2020, a core element of which were subsequently reversed in 2022. The validity of the agency actions have been severely litigated over a number of cases by the ISS with respect to the 2020 action and by the representatives of the enterprises for the 2022 action. In February 2024, the D.C. Federal District Court vacated the SEC’s 2020 rule. Then, circuits collide on the 2022 amendments as the 6th Circuit ruled in favor of the SEC in September in clear opposition to the decision of the 5th Circuit in June this year. It is worth keeping on eye not only to the Supreme Court’s standing under this circuit spilt situation, but also to the new Administration’s next step toward the policy change on this issue, especially because both ISS and GL have headquartered in the U.S. Unlike the experiences in the U.S. the EU has taken “the monitored self-regulation” approach consistently. Starting from the self-regulation initiated by the regulator(ESMA) in 2014, the EU has encompassed the regulations on the proxy advisory industry into the EU legislative system through the amendments to the Shareholders Rights Directive in 2017(SRD II). Nonetheless the SRD II frame did not change the fundamental framework based upon the self-regulation and disclosure of material information regarding the proxy advisor recommendations. Meanwhile ESMA has continuously monitored the implementation of the self-regulatory mechanism and endeavored to enhance the system. Given the regulatory experiences of the U.S. and the EU, she concludes that we should explore and adopt the regulatory frame that suits our unique environments rather than pursue a precedent customized for another market or country. While leaning on the EU approach in terms of the characteristics of the proxy advisory industry such as the scale of economics’ and the duopoly by two American companies, she emphasizes the local factors including feasibility of the application to and/or the active participation from the part of the global proxy advisors as well as the respective role and influences of the Korean and foreign institutional investors in the corporate governance context, the immature stage of the local proxy advisory industry and the differences in the corporate law and practices regarding the corporate governance and shareholders meetings.

참고문헌 (68)

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