국제비교 관점에서 본 한국 주거자본주의 체제의 특성
The Uniqueness of Korean Residential Capitalism in International Comparison
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이 논문은 한국 주거자본주의 체제의 구조적 특성을 국제비교 관점에서 인식하고, 그에 따르는 고유한 사회적 문제와 과제를 규명하는 것을 목표로 한다. 한국의 주거자본주의 체제는 주택소유율과 모기지 규모가 모두 상대적으로 낮은 국가주의-발전주의 유형에 가장 근접해 있다. 하지만 이 유형의 유럽 나라들에서는 시장부문과 공공부문이 균형을 이루고 있는 데 반해, 한국은 공공주택의 양과 질이 열악하고 주택비소유자의 절대 다수는 전세 등 독특한 민간임대제도에 의존하고 있어 독립적 정치사회세력으로 형성되지 못하고 있다. 또한 유럽의 국가주의 유형은 주택금융과 공급, 임대관계에 대한 공적 개입이 강한 데 반해, 한국과 일본 등 발전주의 유형의 나라들에서는 공적 개입이 제한적이고, 주택 건설과 소비는 전적으로 사적 원리에 맡겨져 건설기업, 투자기업, 구매력 있는 사회계층에 의해 지배된다. 따라서 한국 주거자본주의 체제는 최소국가적 신자유주의도, 국가중심적 발전주의도 아닌, ‘소유자 중심 발전주의 체제’라고 할 수 있다. 이 체제는 철저히 위계화된 분절구조이기 때문에, 주택자산시장의 중심부에 놓인 계층이 다른 모든 주변부 계층에게 헤게모니를 행사한다. 이 체제를 개혁하기 위한 핵심 과제는 사적 부문과 공적 부문의 균형을 추구하는 정책이다.
Abstract
This paper aims to recognize the structural uniqueness of the Korean residential capitalism from comparative perspective. The Korean housing finance system is similar to the statist-developmentalist type in which both the home ownership rates and the size of residential mortgage relative to the GDP are at a lower level than in other types. However, while the continental European countries of this type are characterized by the balance of private and public sectors, the provision and quality of public housing in Korea are of minimal size and the majority of non-homeowners are dependent upon a unique private renting system called ‘jeonse,’ which is not favorable to the tenants, so that it is extremely difficult for them to become an independent socio-political forces. Another difference is that, while in Continental Europe the public intervention into the housing finance and provision, and rental relations is strong, in the developmental types like Korea or Japan such public intervention is limited and the construction as well as consumption of housing are dominated by the construction and investment companies and the social classes with purchasing power. In that sense, the Korean residential system is neither a neoliberal one based upon minimal state, nor a developmentalist one initiated by the state, but ‘homeowner-oriented developmental’ system. Due to the hierarchical segmentation structure of this system, those social forces who succeeded in entering the center of the institutional hierarchy enjoy a hegemonic power over the marginalized groups. The core task for reforming this system is a policy toward more balance between the private and public sector in housing system.
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