From Shore to Farm: A Review of Macroalgae as A Sustainable Alternative Animal Feed in Indonesia
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Indonesia, a leading seaweed producer, generated 5.01 million wet tons of seaweed valued at IDR 22.89 trillion in 2021, with over 67,000 households involved and 40% of production exported. The country's littoral zone hosts diverse macroalgae, including green (Chlorophyceae), red (Rhodophyceae), and brown algae (Phaeophyceae). Despite their abundance, the potential of seaweeds, particularly for animal feed, remains underexplored. Seaweeds offer a rich source of metabolites and essential minerals, providing a natural alternative to antibiotics. In poultry, seaweed-based feeds enhance growth, gut health, and product quality. For ruminants, seaweeds can reduce methane and improve energy availability. Monogastric animals benefit from seaweed polysaccharides and enzyme supplementation for better nutrient utilization. Studies show seaweeds can meet protein and energy needs while offering prebiotic benefits. However, seaweed can accumulate heavy metals like arsenic and iodine, necessitating regular mineral monitoring to safeguard health. Challenges related to nutrient quality and anti-nutrient content can be addressed with processing techniques such as washing, drying, and fermentation. Seaweed offers a sustainable, renewable alternative to traditional animal feed ingredients like soy and corn, with the added benefit of reducing environmental impacts such as deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions. Continued research and development are essential to optimize seaweed use and enhance its role in sustainable animal feeding practices.
Abstract
Indonesia, a leading seaweed producer, generated 5.01 million wet tons of seaweed valued at IDR 22.89 trillion in 2021, with over 67,000 households involved and 40% of production exported. The country's littoral zone hosts diverse macroalgae, including green (Chlorophyceae), red (Rhodophyceae), and brown algae (Phaeophyceae). Despite their abundance, the potential of seaweeds, particularly for animal feed, remains underexplored. Seaweeds offer a rich source of metabolites and essential minerals, providing a natural alternative to antibiotics. In poultry, seaweed-based feeds enhance growth, gut health, and product quality. For ruminants, seaweeds can reduce methane and improve energy availability. Monogastric animals benefit from seaweed polysaccharides and enzyme supplementation for better nutrient utilization. Studies show seaweeds can meet protein and energy needs while offering prebiotic benefits. However, seaweed can accumulate heavy metals like arsenic and iodine, necessitating regular mineral monitoring to safeguard health. Challenges related to nutrient quality and anti-nutrient content can be addressed with processing techniques such as washing, drying, and fermentation. Seaweed offers a sustainable, renewable alternative to traditional animal feed ingredients like soy and corn, with the added benefit of reducing environmental impacts such as deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions. Continued research and development are essential to optimize seaweed use and enhance its role in sustainable animal feeding practices.