鴨淥道를 통해 본 발해사신의 여정

Abstract

Balhae had a group of major traffic routes called the Five Routes, which were the Japan, Silla, Jogong, Yeongju and Gyedan Routes. Of the Five Routes, the Jogong and Yeongju routes had connections to Balhae's relations with Tang; the Khitan Route with Khitan; the Japan Route with Japan; and the Silla Route with Silla. Records about the Jogong Route can be found in the Dorigi mentioned at the end of Gimijujo in the geography book Sindangseo. The records say that the traffic route started in Guguk, Junggyeong, Donggyeong, and Sanggyeong of Balhae and arrived in Sinju, where they would move south along the Aprok River on a boat until Bakjakgu, where they would go out to the mouth of the river and head to Deungju via the Liaodong Peninsula and Balhae Strait until reaching the final destination that was Changan, the capital of Tang those days, via a land route. As for the name of the Jogong Route, it seems valid to call it the "Aprok Route" since the name was used by Tang unilaterally like the "Malgal State" or "Balhae Forces" that it used for "Balhae State." Of the journey of the Aprok Route, the marine section matched a part of the northern coastal route used by Silla's envoys to Tang relatively in early days. That is, they would sail along the southern coast of the Liaodong Peninsula southwest from the estuary of the Aprok River and arrive in the coastal waters of Yeodae City today via the Seokseong Island and Jangsan Archipelago. They would then sail farther southwest to reach Dorijin under Mt. Nocheol southwest from Yeosun. They would sail approximately 300 Ris further in the Dangcheok unit from Dorijin to Deungju of Tang via the Liaodong and Shandong Peninsula and the Hwangseong, Guiheum, and Jangsan Island of Miaodaoliedao. The watercourse would start in Sinju and move along the Aprok River via Hwando and Bakjakgu until entering the Yellow Sea. Sinju was Imgang, where the Seogyeong Aprokbu was located. Hwando was Jipan, the old capital of Guguryeo. Bakjakgu is highly likely to have been near the estuary of Aeha where the Hosan Mountain Fortress was discovered. Finally, the land section would change to a land route in northeast in Sinju(Imgang City today) and reach Sanggyeong Yongcheonbu via Hyeonju. Given the distribution of Balhae's old castles, the land route from Sinju to Hyeonju would, of course, start in Sinju(Imgang City today) and move in northeast until current Musonghyeonseong. They would then move in northwest in Andohyeonseong and pass Yeonggyeonghyang until Yusudun, where they would move along Buniha in northwest until Daeposihajin, where they would move along the Mokdan River in north until reaching Donhwa(Guguk). They would move along Godongha in northeast from Andohyeon, Yeonggyeonghyang, or Yusudun until Sinhaphyang via the Manbogoseong. They would then move along Godongha in southeast, pass Janghanggoseong(Balhaeseong) between Waryongchon and Seoseongjin along the tributary of the Haeran River, and head eastwards until Hyeonju of Balhae or Junggyeong Hyeondeokbu in current Seogoseong of Hwaryong City. The route from Junggyeong to Sanggyeong would move along the Haeran River in east and reach Yeongil City(or Yongjeong), where there were Balhaegoseong and Balhae's groups of tombs. The route would reach Yeongil by moving in northeast from Yeongilhyeonseong. They would head north in Yeongil City and move along the Balhaegoseong in the basin of Alhaha until reaching Sanggyeong. It is estimated that Balhae's Aprok Route must have been managed through post towns along the infrastructure road network represented by the Five Routes. Post towns were divided into Machams and SuchamsㆍGuchams. They must have used Machams for the land sections of the Aprok Route and Suchams for the marine sections. The station houses of Machams and Suchams are estimated to be small fortress sites whose circumference was 500m or so in the land and marine sections. These small fortress sites had village relics and groups of tombs in vicinity and were situated with an interval of 15∼50km between them. It is estimated that people related to post towns must have lived in the villages whose relics were found near the fortress sites. The Aprok Route has various meanings including the political, economic, and cultural ones as a route used by the Balhae delegation, as a route to transport trade goods, and as a route of cultural exchanges between Balhae and Tang, respectively. Furthermore, it was the base of the network encompassing the sea, land and marine traffic routes and the artery of the East Asia network.