발해의 육로구간 일본도 연구

Abstract

The Balhae’s route to Japan is studied in two parts: the continental road from the Balhae (Bohai) capitals to the port and the sea route from the port to Japan across the sea. The purpose of this work is to clarify the specific line of Balhae transport on the continental part of the route to Japan. The capital of Balhae was transferred from the Ancient Country to Hyeonju, then to the Upper Capital, then to the Eastern Capital, then again to the Upper Capital. Therefore, there were some starting points of the Balhae route from the continent to Japan. The first Balhae delegation to Japan there was in 727, that refers to the period of the Ancient Country, 739, the second delegation there was in 739, in the period of the Ancient Country or to the period of Hyunju (that is, the Middle Capital), the third delegation was in 752, that refers to the Hyunju period. Then 8 delegations, from the fourth (758) to the 11th (779) were in the period of the 1st Upper Capital, and the 12th one was in 786, in the period of the Eastern Capital. Delegations from the13th (795) to the 34th (919) refer to the period of 2nd Upper Capital. That is to say, there were 4 starting points of the Balhae envoys to Japan: Ancient Country, Hyunju, Upper Capital and Eastern Capital. For a long time, it was believed that the center of the Ancient Country was located in Dunhua. It was assumed that the capital of the Ancient Country was in the Aodongcheng fortress, in the Chengshanzi mountain fortress, or in the Yongsheng site. However, the results of excavations in the Aodongcheng fortress and the Yongsheng site in 2002-2003 showed that the two sites date from the Jin period and not from the Balhae period. In addition, some researchers suggested that the Chengshanzi mountain fortress had too little space for dwellings to be considered as the Dongmosan mountain of the Ancient Country. In this regard, new opinions have recently been put forward that the center of the Ancient Country was located in the Xigucheng fortress in the Hualong area, in the Tonggouling mountain fortress and in the Shihu fortress in the northeastern part of Dunhua, or in the Chengzishan mountain fortress to the east of the Yanji area. But considering that the grave of Princess Jeonghyo, the third daughter of King Mun, is located in the western field of the royal burial ground of Jinreung, the center of the Ancient Country was most likely located in the Dunhua area. As known, Hyeonju capital of the Middle Capital period was in Xigucheng, the Upper Capital was in the Upper Capital settlement in Bohaizhen, and the capital of the Eastern Capital in Baliancheng in Hunchun area. At present, it is considered historically and archaeologically proven that the end point of the continental part and the starting point of the sea part of the Balhae’s route to Japan was the Kraskino fortress in the Khasan region of the Primorsky Territory of Russia. Therefore, the exact line of the continental part of the Balhae’s route to Japan should be found between Dunhua and the Kraskino fortress in the period of the Old Country, between the Xigucheng fortress and the Kraskino fortress in the Hyeonju period, between the Upper Capital site and the Kraskino fortress in the 1st and 2nd periods of the Upper Capital, and between Baliancheng fortress and Kraskino fortress in the period of the Eastern Capital. In connection with the exact line of the continental part of the Balhae’s route to Japan, regarding the starting point, we considered the views put forward earlier by various scientists, the Balhae sites found or excavated recently, information about geography or relief obtained from satellites, and as a result it became possible to offer a new opinion on this matter. The line of the continental part of the Balhae’s route to Japan should be sought in a location where envoys representing states can travel comfortably, safely and quickly. In general, the author of this work proposed the following transport lines of the continental part of the Balhae’s route to Japan: during the Ancient Country, Dunhua → Dashitouzhen → upper reach of the Buerhatonghe River → Shimen → Zhongping → Tuchengtun fortress → Taiyang fortress → Changan → lower reaches of the Buerhatonghe River → Songlin → the lowest course of the river Gayahe → Tumen → Onseong → Shuaiwanzi → Yingan → Wentehebucheng fortress → Shitouhezi fortress → Changlingzi → Kraskino fortress; during Hyeonju, Xigucheng → Longjing → Yanji → Yanji → Changan → Tumen → Onseong → Shuaiwanzi → Yingan → Wentehebucheng fortress → Shitouhezi → Changlingzi → Kraskino fortress; during the 1st and 2nd Upper Capital, Upper Capital Stronghold → (Mudanjiang River and Jingbo Lake → Jingboxiang → Chujia Stronghold → Wufeng Stronghold → architecture site Hongyun → architecture site Xingfu → Shicheng Stronghold → (middle-upper reach of the Gayahe River) → architecture sites Luotuocun, Zhongdachuan, Tianqiaoling → Hebei fortress in the Wangqing area → Longquanping fortress → Songlin → Tumen → Onseong → Shuaiwanzi → Yingan → Baliancheng fortress → Shitouhezi fortress → Changlingzi → Kraskino fortress. The transport line during the Eastern Capital coincides with the section between the fortresses of Baliancheng and Kraskino during the Upper Capital period. Keywords: