발해의 북방경계에 대한 일고찰

Abstract

Korean and Chinese researchers believe that the northern border of Balhae reaches the river Amur, but almost all Russian researchers consider that it limited by the area of Lake Hanka and south of Primorye Region. The difference of opinion is based mainly on different interpretation of written sources, but for Russian scientists the setting of “Balhae sites” location is also important to limit the boundaries of Balhae in the south of Primorye. Written sources clearly state the size of the territory of Balhae is square 2000 ri on side and square 5000 ri on side and all Malgal (Mohe) tribes are subordinated to Balhae. In this regard, the question on the northern border of Balhae we studied in some aspects, on the grounds of written and archaeological materials. First of all, the article specifies the dimensions 2000 ri during the Old state (ie, the initial period of Balhae) and 5000 ri during the rise of Balhae. Considering that 2000 ri is the distance from Yingzhou to Dongmosan (now the mountain settlement Chengshanzi) and 600 ri is the distance from Hyeonju (now Xigucheng) to the royal city (Sanggyeongseong), we calculated that the square 2000 ri on side is the square at least 514 km, a maximum of 660 km, an average of 587 km on side and square 5000 ri on side is the square at least 1285 km, a maximum 1650 km, 1467 km an average on side. Then we studied the relative location of Malgal tribes (by written sources) and the results of its study by different scientists, as well what Malgal tribes were subjugated by Balhae. Balhae subjugated all the 7 main Malgal tribes and other Malgal tribes, namely Simu, Junli, Kushuo, Moyejie, Yulou, Yuexi, Tieli. Heishui Malgal, too were subordinated to Balhae for some period of time. The fact that Simu, Junli and Kushuo Malgal, who were in the west, the north and north-east of Heishui Malgal, that is surrounded Heishui Malgal, were subjugated by Balhae confirms htis opinion. In connection with archaeological materials we specify the location of proper Balhae sites. The results showed that the western and northern borders of Balhae sites pass through the burial ground near the mountain fortress Shitaizi – fortress Nongan – fortress Bodu – Shitouren site or Bolihesandaoqiao site – fortress Guchengcun – mountain fortress Shierlian – fortress Anxing – Krasnya Sopka 2 site – fortress Marianovka – Sinie Skaly site that starts from Liaoning province, goes through Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and reaches the cost of the East Se ain Primorye. One of the important problems in connection with the problem of the northern border of Balhae is Pokrovka culture. This culture, which is also called “the culture of the Amur Jurchens” is dated from 7 to 13 centuries BC, but its material culture before the 10th century and after it very differs. Pokrovka culture sites before the 10th century are considered also as “Balhae Malgal” sites, in other words, they are Balhae sites. Next, we considered situation of Malgal sites location and problem of Heishui Malgal migration. Malgal sites at present are found not only in Jilina nd Heilongjiang provinces and in Primorye, but also in the Middle and Lower Amur region, and even further to east, on Suchu island in Lower Amur Region, and to west at the river Shilka. Nayfeld- Tongren culture in the Amur region is considered to belong to Heishui Malgal. This culture developed in the Eastern Amur region in the 4-7 centuries BC, but then, after the 8th century, it disappeared there and developed in the Western Amur region, which is located to west of Lesser Khingan ridge. This fact indicates that the Heishui Malgal moved from the Eastern Amur region to the Western Amur region because of Balhae’s policy of development of the North (under constraint of Balhae). In the East Amur region after Nayfeld-Tongren culture develops Pokrovka culture, which is likely to be part of Balhae. Consequently, the northern border of Balhae in the north-west passes from the Lesser Khingan mountain ridge, covering in the north the terroitry of Nayfeld-Tongren culture (in the Eastern Amur region) sites location and the territory of Pokrovka culture sites (before the 10th century BC) location, in the north-east it reaches the mouth of the river Samarga in Primorye, where Malgal sites of Balhae time are located. It is interesting that the square 2000 ri on side in general (approximately) has the same size as the actual territory of Balhae sites location and the square 5000 ri on side has the same size as the actual territory of Balhae sites and the territory of Malgal sites location.