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1960년대 미국의 자유학교운동과 홀리스틱 교육과의 관계

Relationship between Holistic Education and Free School Movement in the United States during the 1960s

박성혜
한국홀리스틱융합교육학회 (The Korean Society for Holistic Convergence Education)|2011.08|홀리스틱융합교육연구 (Journal of Holistic Convergence Education)|제15권 제2호|pp. 1-28

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참고문헌

키워드

진정성authenticity자유학교운동반문화 운동유기적 학습테크노크라시free school movementcounterculture movementorganic learningtechnocracy.

초록

이 연구의 목적은 1960년대 미국의 자유학교운동과 홀리스틱 교육과의 관계를 탐구해 보는 것이다. 이를 위하여 자유학교운동의 사회⋅문화적인 배경과 자유학교의 실태 및 자유학교 이론을 조사하였고, 자유학교 이론과 홀리스틱 교육과의 관계를 탐구하였다. 자유학교운동은 1960년대 미국에서 발생한 사회 운동과 맥을 같이 하고 있으며 현대 사회의 테크노크라시의 비판으로 시작되어 교육을 포함한 사회의 전체적인 변화와 인간 중심적인 참여 민주주의 교육을 실현하는 것을 추구하였다. 자유학교운동은 1967년부터 1972년에 가장 왕성하였으며 짧게 생존하였지만 나중에 더욱 광범위한 교육 개혁인 공립 대안학교, 차터스쿨, 홈스쿨링의 아이디어에 영향을 미쳤다. 자유학교 이론에서 진정성, 민주적 공동체, 유기적 학습, 자연적 성장 등을 강조하는 것은 홀리스틱 교육에서 추구하는 것과 일치한다. 또한 자유학교운동과 홀리스틱 교육 모두 문화 비판을 하였으며, 기존 세계관에서 탈바꿈되는 의식의 전환을 강조하였다. 자유학교운동은 인간의 진정성과 정체성을 찾는 교육 운동이었으며 이는 현대 과학⋅기술 사회에 많은 시사점을 주고 있다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between free school movement and holistic education. To this end, this paper examined the social and cultural backgrounds of the free school movement as well as reality of and theory on free schools. The free school movement is in line with the counterculture movement that initiated in the US in the 1960s. People who participated in this movement sought to cause overall transformation across the American society and realize a human-scale participatory democracy as they freed themselves from inhuman pressure by technocracy of modern society. Although the free school movement was short-lived with its heyday in the period from 1967 to 1972, the movement has strongly influenced the ideas on public alternative school, charter school and home-schooling, which are part of educational reform in a more extensive scale. The free school theory put emphasis on authenticity, democratic community, wholeness, organic learning, and natural growth, which is in accordance with holistic education. Furthermore, both free school movement and holistic education emphasized transformation of consciousness. The free school movement was the education movement that aimed at recovering authenticity and identity of human being, which suggests many implications on modern technocracy society.

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