Waiting for the Sun to Rise: Ch’imgoeng’s Poetry and Late Choso ˘n Buddhism
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The So ˘n Master and kasa poet Ch’imgoeng Hyo ˘nbyo ˘n(1616-1684) deserves to be studied for several reasons. The three kasa[vernacular songs] he wrote, Kwisan’gok[Retreating to the Mountains], T’aep’yo ˘nggok[Song of Great Peace] and Ch’o ˘nghaktongga[Song of Ch’o ˘nghaktong], are the earliest Buddhist kasa that can be dated with certainty and thus occupy a special place in the history of Korean Buddhist poetry. Remarkable is the presence in Ch’imgoeng’s kasa of a strong autobiographical element, which is lacking in other Buddhist kasa from the Choso ˘n period, though not uncommon in kasa written by men and women of the yangban elite. Ch’imgoeng enjoyed a considerable reputation for his literary gifts, to which the poetry and prose in classical Chinese in his Ch’imgoeng chip, first published in a woodblock edition in 1695, also testify. Ch’imgoeng’s writings in Chinese, which are a valuable source for a better understanding of Buddhism in this period, also show how deeply Confucianism had penetrated in Late Choso ˘n society. In spite of Confucianism’s hegemonic position, however, Ch’imgoeng’s literary production always remained essentially Buddhist. This applies a fortiori to Ch’imgoeng’s kasa, which show none of the insistence on Confucian ethics that characterizes many later Buddhist kasa.
Abstract
The So ˘n Master and kasa poet Ch’imgoeng Hyo ˘nbyo ˘n(1616-1684) deserves to be studied for several reasons. The three kasa[vernacular songs] he wrote, Kwisan’gok[Retreating to the Mountains], T’aep’yo ˘nggok[Song of Great Peace] and Ch’o ˘nghaktongga[Song of Ch’o ˘nghaktong], are the earliest Buddhist kasa that can be dated with certainty and thus occupy a special place in the history of Korean Buddhist poetry. Remarkable is the presence in Ch’imgoeng’s kasa of a strong autobiographical element, which is lacking in other Buddhist kasa from the Choso ˘n period, though not uncommon in kasa written by men and women of the yangban elite. Ch’imgoeng enjoyed a considerable reputation for his literary gifts, to which the poetry and prose in classical Chinese in his Ch’imgoeng chip, first published in a woodblock edition in 1695, also testify. Ch’imgoeng’s writings in Chinese, which are a valuable source for a better understanding of Buddhism in this period, also show how deeply Confucianism had penetrated in Late Choso ˘n society. In spite of Confucianism’s hegemonic position, however, Ch’imgoeng’s literary production always remained essentially Buddhist. This applies a fortiori to Ch’imgoeng’s kasa, which show none of the insistence on Confucian ethics that characterizes many later Buddhist kasa.