독일 국민의식의 형성과 나치의 민족 이데올로기

Abstract

This article analyzed the formation of national consciousness, Romanticism, the youth movement and the process leading to their ideology of nationalism in Germany. Without understanding that process, it is difficult to understand the enthusiasm for the war in Germany, the tragic fate of the first Weimar Republic and the Nazi's (the German National Socialist Labor Party: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei: NSDAP) Third Reich. German national sentiment, awakened by The French Revolution, and young intellectuals enthusiastically welcomed the revolution. However, it is reconsidered through Napoleon's invasion of Germany: a national consciousness was expressed resistance to Napoleon. Fichte gave an overwhelming impact on the formation of German national consciousness; he raised the pride of German national consciousness through lectures under the occupation of Napoleon. Fichte's education strived for independence through national education, emphasizing that German ethnicity was the original race (Urvolk) and realizing national tasks. German Romanticism begins at the age of Sturm und Drang (the German Romantic literary movement in the 18th century). Hamann (J. G. Hamann) and Herder (J. G. Herder) pioneered the Romantic Movement despite the opposition of the Enlightenment. The concept of the “romantic” of that time meant “modern”, which is different from that of ancient times. It was a fundamental feature of the new art. The early Romanticism was political, contrary to the popular perception, and especially the latter Romanticism was a political romanticism tinged with a conservative color scheme. The German youth movement began with the migratory movement (Wandervogel). They travelled by walking across the country to glorify the nation (Volk) and nature. With the trend of the times, the youth movement expressed political interest and disbanded during the Nazi period or later integrated into Hitler's youth organization. Around the time of the German post-war period, democracy and dictatorship went against each other. During the mental and physical stress and burdens caused by the war, all responsibility was shifted to democrats or the dynasty’s heirs. The war taught the public about the efficiency of authoritarian power, and people were accustomed to dictating. Accordingly, the Weimar Republic was not welcomed from its inception, and the extreme opposition between right and left forced the fragile republic into more danger. In particular, the Nazis started to complete the mythos and cult of Hitler with stronger nationalism through wars and revolutions.