Understanding of the 21 Letters Incantation of Tonghak and the Lord’s Prayer, in View of Wŏnhyo’s Hwajaeng Philosophy on Language
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Wŏnhyo’s hwajaeng is an extensive argument analyzing positions of the incongruents, showing their underpinnings and contextual framework leading to each position, wherein it creates a commensuration of variant doctrines and interpretations. His hwajaeng is the ultimate task for the resolution of discrepancies to be undertaken, trying to reveal the truth by cutting off conceptual hallucination resorting to the words. Utilizing Wŏnhyo’s hwajaeng philosophy as methodology to interpret the Lord’s Prayer and Tonghak’s “21 Letters Incantation” which appear to be very different from each other in forms and contents of the texts. They have their own divergent views on humanity and the sense of divinity. Going beyond their literal formulation, however, this work explores that there are not a few convergencies between them: they commonly comprise dual aspects of transcendence and immanence, God and humanity, individual and entirety, not attempting to truth claims through scholastic dogmatization, but instead seeking the practice of their respective faiths within their mundane life, particularly at the time of suffering and incomprehensibility of God. If the Lord’s Prayer impels its devotees into the active engagement by self-denial and compassion toward everyday people in specific time and place, then the 21 Letters Incantation likewise concerns desperately pleading humans, as well as such God who dwells and is worshipped within their bodies at the same time. Through a mature understanding on the nature of language by Wŏnhyo’s hwajaeng, it is never opaque for the practitioners to commonly experience both dimensions of heaven and earth, other-power and self-power. In it, sich’ŏnju characterized God as dwelling in the heart of every person, as well as the spiritual energy prevalent in the world, which is convergently assumed in both prayers to some extent, though its wording is not identical.
Abstract
Wŏnhyo’s hwajaeng is an extensive argument analyzing positions of the incongruents, showing their underpinnings and contextual framework leading to each position, wherein it creates a commensuration of variant doctrines and interpretations. His hwajaeng is the ultimate task for the resolution of discrepancies to be undertaken, trying to reveal the truth by cutting off conceptual hallucination resorting to the words. Utilizing Wŏnhyo’s hwajaeng philosophy as methodology to interpret the Lord’s Prayer and Tonghak’s “21 Letters Incantation” which appear to be very different from each other in forms and contents of the texts. They have their own divergent views on humanity and the sense of divinity. Going beyond their literal formulation, however, this work explores that there are not a few convergencies between them: they commonly comprise dual aspects of transcendence and immanence, God and humanity, individual and entirety, not attempting to truth claims through scholastic dogmatization, but instead seeking the practice of their respective faiths within their mundane life, particularly at the time of suffering and incomprehensibility of God. If the Lord’s Prayer impels its devotees into the active engagement by self-denial and compassion toward everyday people in specific time and place, then the 21 Letters Incantation likewise concerns desperately pleading humans, as well as such God who dwells and is worshipped within their bodies at the same time. Through a mature understanding on the nature of language by Wŏnhyo’s hwajaeng, it is never opaque for the practitioners to commonly experience both dimensions of heaven and earth, other-power and self-power. In it, sich’ŏnju characterized God as dwelling in the heart of every person, as well as the spiritual energy prevalent in the world, which is convergently assumed in both prayers to some extent, though its wording is not identical.
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