Effects of L1 and Gender in the Prosody of English WH-Questions
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his study examined the role of a native language and gender in the productions of the three types of intonation for an English fragmentary wh-question, “What?” Only by changing intonation patterns, this same utterance can convey three different meanings: asking for information by falling intonation, asking for repetition by normal rising (LR) intonation, and expressing surprise by extra-high rising (HR) intonation. Forty Chinese and forty Korean learners of English participated in the experiments, and thirty-two English speakers participated as the control group. Each group was equally divided in gender. The results showed that in the language variable, English native speakers used higher pitch level, wider pitch span, and more pitch variation than both Chinese and Korean groups. In gender, as expected by the findings of the previous research, the results confirmed that females showed higher pitch level, larger pitch span and more pitch variation in all three intonation patterns. The acoustic strategies for distinguishing HR from LR intonation patterns were also investigated. The results showed that L2 learners, especially the Chinese group, used a wider pitch span difference than English native speakers, which may be attributed to the fact that Chinese is a tone language where tonal changes in one syllable convey different meanings. It was also found that female speakers, especially the Korean female group, used a bigger intensity difference than Chinese females or Korean males, which was unexpected.
Abstract
his study examined the role of a native language and gender in the productions of the three types of intonation for an English fragmentary wh-question, “What?” Only by changing intonation patterns, this same utterance can convey three different meanings: asking for information by falling intonation, asking for repetition by normal rising (LR) intonation, and expressing surprise by extra-high rising (HR) intonation. Forty Chinese and forty Korean learners of English participated in the experiments, and thirty-two English speakers participated as the control group. Each group was equally divided in gender. The results showed that in the language variable, English native speakers used higher pitch level, wider pitch span, and more pitch variation than both Chinese and Korean groups. In gender, as expected by the findings of the previous research, the results confirmed that females showed higher pitch level, larger pitch span and more pitch variation in all three intonation patterns. The acoustic strategies for distinguishing HR from LR intonation patterns were also investigated. The results showed that L2 learners, especially the Chinese group, used a wider pitch span difference than English native speakers, which may be attributed to the fact that Chinese is a tone language where tonal changes in one syllable convey different meanings. It was also found that female speakers, especially the Korean female group, used a bigger intensity difference than Chinese females or Korean males, which was unexpected.
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