본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Global Pitch Characteristics of Tonal and Non-Tonal Language Speakers : Evidence from Mandarin-Korean Bilinguals

이옥주
한국중국어문학회 (The Society For Chinese Language And Literature)|2019.02|중국문학 (CHINESE LITERATURE)|제98권 |pp. 267-300|DOI 10.21192/scll.98..201902.013

1

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Koreanpitch rangeL1L2pitchtoneMandarintonal language
주제분류중국어와문학

초록

The present study examines the global pitch characteristics in Mandarin and Korean produced by twenty-two bilingual speakers of the two languages. An acoustic experiment was conducted in which a script of the story Northern Wind and the Sun was produced in both Korean and Mandarin at self-controlled fast and slow rates. It finds that Mandarin, a tonal language, is produced with neither wider pitch range nor overall higher pitch and therefore suggests that tonal languages may not necessarily be produced with wider or higher global pitch than non-tonal languages. A comparison of L1 and L2 speech reveals that significant pitch range reduction and global pitch lowering are observed only in the female native Mandarin speakers’ L2 Korean. In contrast, a pitch range remains comparable in L1 and L2 speech produced by the male native Mandarin speakers as well as in L1 and L2 speech produced by the male and female native Korean speakers. It further finds gender effect but no speaking rate effect on pitch peak and valley manipulation in changing global pitch ranges. Findings of this study are not in total agreement with previous studies that claim an overall narrow pitch range to be the most essential characteristics of L2 intonation patterns. The observation that the native Korean speakers produced neither pitch range reduction nor overall pitch lowering in L2 Mandarin may be due to their meta-linguistic awareness of the importance of pitch production in a tonal language. L2 fluency seems to play a role in such a way that advanced-level L2 speakers tend to produce more native-like global pitch patterns.

Abstract

The present study examines the global pitch characteristics in Mandarin and Korean produced by twenty-two bilingual speakers of the two languages. An acoustic experiment was conducted in which a script of the story Northern Wind and the Sun was produced in both Korean and Mandarin at self-controlled fast and slow rates. It finds that Mandarin, a tonal language, is produced with neither wider pitch range nor overall higher pitch and therefore suggests that tonal languages may not necessarily be produced with wider or higher global pitch than non-tonal languages. A comparison of L1 and L2 speech reveals that significant pitch range reduction and global pitch lowering are observed only in the female native Mandarin speakers’ L2 Korean. In contrast, a pitch range remains comparable in L1 and L2 speech produced by the male native Mandarin speakers as well as in L1 and L2 speech produced by the male and female native Korean speakers. It further finds gender effect but no speaking rate effect on pitch peak and valley manipulation in changing global pitch ranges. Findings of this study are not in total agreement with previous studies that claim an overall narrow pitch range to be the most essential characteristics of L2 intonation patterns. The observation that the native Korean speakers produced neither pitch range reduction nor overall pitch lowering in L2 Mandarin may be due to their meta-linguistic awareness of the importance of pitch production in a tonal language. L2 fluency seems to play a role in such a way that advanced-level L2 speakers tend to produce more native-like global pitch patterns.

참고문헌 (76)

  1. Anderson-Hsieh, Janet, "The relationship between native speaker judgments of nonnative pronunciation and deviance in segmentals, prosody, and syllable structure", Language Learning, 42(4), pp.529~555 (1992)
  2. Ackerman, Lauren, "Talker and language variation in the f0 of English, Mandarin and Mandarin-accented English", Poster Presentation at Midwestern University, ~ (2011)
  3. Andreeva, Bistra, "Speech Prosody", pp.776~780 (2014)
  4. Amerman, James D., "Speech timing strategies in elderly adults", Journal of Phonetics, 20(1), pp.65~76 (1992)
  5. Beckman, Mary E., "Guidelines for ToBI labelling" (1994), The Ohio State University
  6. Beckman, Mary E., "The ToBI annotation conventions" (1993), The Ohio State University
  7. Binghadeer, Nora, "An acoustic analysis of pitch range in the production of native and nonnative speakers of English", The Asian EFL Journal Quarterly, 10, pp.96~113 (2008)
  8. Busà, M. Grazia, "A cross linguistic analysis of pitch range in English L1 and L2", ICPhS, 17, pp.380~383 (2011)
  9. Chen, Gwang Tsai, "A comparative study of pitch range of native speakers of midwestern English and Mandarin Chinese: an acoustic study", Ph.D., pp.1972
  10. Chen, Gwang Tsai, "The pitch range of English speakers and Chinese speakers", Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 2, pp.159~171 (1974)
  11. Chen, Sheng H., "The effects of tones on speaking frequency and intensity ranges in Mandarin and Min dialects", Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 117(5), pp.3225~3230 (2005)
  12. Chen, Quinghai, "Toward a sequential approach for tonal error analysis", Journal of the Chinese Teachers Association, 32, pp.21~39 (1997)
  13. Cheng, Chierh, "Articulatory Limit and Extreme Segmental Reduction in Taiwan Mandarin", Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 134(6), pp.4481~4495 (2013)
  14. Derwing, Tracey M., "Second language fluency: judgments on different tasks", Language Learning, 54, pp.655~679 (2004)
  15. Diana Deutsch, "The pitch levels of female speech in two Chinese villages", The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125(5), pp.EL208~EL213 (2009), Acoustical Society of America (ASA)[DOI]
  16. Dolson, Mark, "The pitch of speech as a function of linguistic community", Music Percept, 11, pp.321~331 (1994)
  17. Eady, Stephen J., "Differences in the F0 patterns of speech: tone language versus stress language", Language and Speech, 25(1), pp.29~42 (1982)
  18. Flege, James E., "Factors affecting strength of perceived foreign accent in a second language", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, pp.3125~3134 (1995)
  19. Fougeron, Cécile, "Rate effects on French intonation: prosodic organization and phonetic realization", Journal of Phonetics, 26, pp.45~69 (1998)
  20. Gay, Thomas, "Effect of speaking rate on vowel formant movements", Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 63, pp.223~230 (1978)
  21. Guion, Susan J., "Age of learning effects on the duration of sentences produced in a second language", Applied Psycholinguistics, 21, pp.205~228 (2000)
  22. Guo, Lijuan, "Tone production in Mandarin by American", Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics, 1, pp.123~138 (2008)
  23. Hanley, Theodore D., "Some acoustic difference among languages", Phonetica, 14, pp.97~107 (1966)
  24. Henton, Caroline G., "Fact and fiction in the description of female and male pitch", Language and Communication, 9, pp.299~311 (1989)
  25. Henton, Caroline G., "Pitch dynamism in female and male speech", Language and Communication, 15, pp.43~61 (1995)
  26. Hincks, Rebecca, "Transient visual feedback on pitch variation for Chinese speakers of English", Proceedings of FONETIK 2009, pp.102~107 (2009)
  27. Holliday, Jeffrey J., "A longitudinal study of the second language acquisition of a three-way stop contrast", Journal of Phonetics, 50, pp.52~66 (2015)
  28. Hollien, Harry, "Normative data on the speaking fundamental frequency characteristics of young adult males", Journal of Phonetics, 1, pp.117~120 (1973)
  29. Honorof, Douglas N., "Perception of pitch location within a speaker’s F0", Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 117, pp.2193~2200 (2005)
  30. Inoue, Miyako, "Vicarious language: gender and linguistic modernity in Japan" (2000), University of California Press
  31. Jessner, Ulrike, "Metalinguistic awareness in multilinguals: cognitive aspects of third language learning", Language Awareness, 8(3–4), pp.201~209 (1999)
  32. Juffs, Alan, "Tone, syllable structure and interlanguage phonology: Chinese learners’ stress errors", International Review of Applied Linguistics, 28, pp.99~117 (1990)
  33. Jun, Sun-Ah, "The phonetics and phonology of Korean prosody", Ph.D., pp.1993
  34. Jun, Sun-Ah, "The phonetics and phonology of Korean prosody" (1996), Garland
  35. Jun, Sun-Ah, "K-ToBI (Korean ToBI) labeling conventions: version 3", Speech Sciences, 7, pp.143~169 (2000)
  36. Jun, Sun-Ah, "Prosodic typology I: the phonology of intonation and phrasing" (2005), Oxford University Press
  37. Kang, Okim, "Relative slience of suprasegmental features on judgments of L2 comprehensibility and accentedness", System, 38(2), pp.301~315 (2010)
  38. Keating, Patricia, "Comparison of speaking fundamental frequency in English and Mandarin. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics no. 108, 164-187", Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 132(2), pp.1050~1060 (2012)
  39. Kessinger Rachel, H., "Effects of speaking rate on voice-onset time and vowel production: some implications for perception studies", Journal of Phonetics, 26, pp.117~128 (1998)
  40. Ladd, D. Robert, "Intonational phonology" (2008), Cambridge University Press
  41. 이주경, "The Effects of Non-native Listeners’ L1 Backgrounds and L2 Proficiency on the Evaluation of Foreign Accent", 언어, 38(4), pp.971~996 (2013), 한국언어학회[DOI]
  42. 이옥주, "Role of Phonological Contexts in the Acquisition of Second Language Intonation: Evidences from Korean Speakers’ Mandarin Chinese", 중어중문학, (49), pp.145~167 (2011), 한국중어중문학회
  43. 이옥주, "L2 Prosody : An Acoustic Analysis of L1 Mandarin Speakers’ Korean Tonal Patterns", 중국어문학논집, (77), pp.33~61 (2012), 중국어문학연구회
  44. 이옥주, "Pitch Cues in L2 Speech", 응용언어학, 29(2), pp.293~330 (2013), 한국응용언어학회
  45. 이옥주, "표준중국어 발화 속도와 음높이 연구", 중국어문학논집, (86), pp.115~135 (2014), 중국어문학연구회
  46. Li, Aijun, "Speaking rate effects on discourse prosody in Standard Chinese", Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2008, pp.449~452 (2008)
  47. Mennen, Ineke, "Second language acquisition of intonation: The case of peak alignment", Chicago Linguistic Society, 34, pp.327~341 (1998)
  48. Mennen, Ineke, "Cross-language differences in fundamental frequency range: a comparison of English and German", Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 131(3), pp.2249~2260 (2012)
  49. Miller, Joanne L., "Perspectives on the study of speech", pp.39~73 (1981), Lawrence Erlbaum
  50. Mixdorff, Hansjorg, "Towards objective measures for comparing speaking styles", Proceedings of Specom 2005 (2005)
  51. Munro, Murrary. J., "Non-segmental factors in foreign accent: ratings of filtered speech", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 17, pp.17~34 (1995)
  52. Munro, Murray J., "The effects of speaking rate on listener evaluations of native and foreign-accented speech", Language Learning, 48(2), pp.159~182 (1998)
  53. Munro, Murray J., "Modeling perceptions of the accentedness and comprehensibility of L2 speech – the role of speaking rate", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23, pp.451~468 (2001)
  54. Munro, Murray J., "Detection of nonnative speaker status from content-masked speech", Speech Communication, 52, pp.626~637 (2010)
  55. Peng, Shu-hui, "Prosodic typology I: the phonology of intonation and phrasing" (2005), Oxford University Press
  56. Pickering, Lucy, "The structure and function of intonational paragraphs in native and nonnative speaker instructional discourse", English for Specific Purposes, 23, pp.19~43 (2004)
  57. Shen, Xiaonan S., "Toward a register approach in teaching Mandarin tones", Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 24, pp.27~47 (1989)
  58. Stockton, Yun H., "The Effects of Speaking Rate on Mandarin Tones", M.A., pp.2008
  59. Taniguchi, Masaki, "Japanese EFL learners’ weak points in English intonation", Paper presented at the 2001 Phonetics Teaching and Learning Conference (2001)
  60. Timkova, Renata, "Intonation of English in the process of second language acquisition", Paper presented at the 2001 Phonetics Teaching and Learning Conference (2001)
  61. Toivanen, Juhani, "Pitch dynamism of English prosody by proficient non-native speakers: preliminary results of a corpus-based analysis of second language speech", Proceedings of FONETIK 2004, pp.48~51 (2004)
  62. Trofimovich, Pavel, "Learning second-language suprasegmentals: effect of L2 experience on prosody and fluency characteristics of L2 speech", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 28, pp.1~30 (2006)
  63. Tsao, Ying-Chiao, "The effect of intertalker speech rate variation on acoustic vowel space", Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 119(2), pp.1074~1082 (2006)
  64. Tseng, Shu-Chuan, "Contracted Syllables in Mandarin: Evidence from Spontaneous Conversations", Language and Linguistics, 6(1), pp.153~180 (2005)
  65. Ullakonoja, Riikka, "Comparison of pitch range in Finnish (L1) and Russian (L2)", Proceedings of 16thICPhS, pp.1701~1704 (2007)
  66. Van els, Theo, "The role of intonation in foreign accent", Modern Language Journal, 71, pp.147~155 (1987)
  67. Visceglia, Tanya, "Interaction of lexical and sentence prosody in Taiwan L2 English", Paper Presented at Second Language Studies: Acquisition, Learning, Education and Technology (2010)
  68. Mandarin speakers’ English L2 prosody and degree of foreign accent: effect of length of residence, "Wang, Xinchun", 737~749, pp.Concordia Working Papers in Applied Linguistics 5 (2014)
  69. Wennerstrom, Ann, "intonational meaning in English discourse: a study of nonnative speakers", Applied Linguistics, 15, pp.399~421 (1994)
  70. Wennerstrom, Ann, "Intonation as cohesion in academic discourse: a study of Chinese speakers of English", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 42, pp.1~13 (1998)
  71. White, Caryn, "Tonal pronunciation errors and interface from English intonation", Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 16, pp.27~56 (1981)
  72. Xiaojiao Xue, "The effects of non-native listeners’ L1 background and L2 proficiency on the perception of foreign accent for pitch-manipulated native and Chinese accented English speech", 언어연구, 31(2), pp.275~303 (2014), 언어정보연구소[DOI]
  73. Xue, An S., "Speaking f0 characteristics of bilingual Chinese-English speakers: a functional system approach", Asian Pacific Journal of Speech, Language Hearing, 7, pp.55~62 (2002)
  74. Yamazawa, Hideko, "Speaking fundamental frequency pattern of Japanese women", Phonetica, 49, pp.128~140 (1992)
  75. Yuan, Jiahong, "Towards an integrated understanding of speaking rate in conversation", Proceedings of Interspeech 2006, pp.541~544 (2006)
  76. Yuan, Jiahong, "F0 declination in English and Mandarin broadcast news speech", Speech Communication, 65, pp.67~74 (2014)

관련 논문AI추천

Effect of language on fundamental frequency: Comparison between Korean and English produced by L2 speakers and bilingual speakers이고운, 이석재, 임수빈한국음성학회 · 말소리와 음성과학2016 · 제8권 제4호The effect of L2 experience on the perception of L1 prosody오은혜한국음운론학회 · 음성음운형태론연구2017 · 제23권 제2호L2 억양에서 나타나는 모국어 간섭과 언어 보편적 간섭현상의 상호작용: 피치대역을 중심으로윤영숙한국음성학회 · 말소리와 음성과학2021 · 제13권 제4호Do Korean learners of English speak L2 differently from their L1? – F0 characteristics and intensity differences between Korean and English신동진, 이고운한국음운론학회 · 음성음운형태론연구2016 · 제22권 제2호Native and non-native perception of Mandarin level tones이경민, 이옥주한국현대언어학회 · 언어연구2022 · 제39권 제3호Effects of L1 and Gender in the Prosody of English WH-Questions곽사사, 이보림인문학연구소 · 열린정신 인문학 연구2019 · 제20권 제2호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (12건)

법률과 사실, 그리고 서사- 법문학비평의 관점에서 본 전근대 동아시아의 범죄소설박소현pp. 1-20子絶四章의 수양론적 의미박석pp. 21-40《한서⋅이광소건전》의 제국 서사적 면모양중석pp. 41-58北宋詞의 民間文學 特徵과 그 意味박홍준pp. 59-77취향의 계승과 발현- 袁宏道의 蘇軾 수용과 그 의미이주현pp. 79-107
원문 보기