‘동정심’에 관한 통섭적 고찰: 프란스 드 발(Frans de waal)의 공감 논의를 중심으로
A Consiliencial Study on the Compassion
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연구는 인간의 사회성과 관련하여, 동서양을 넘나들며 오랫동안 논구되어 온 ‘동정심’을 다루고 있다. 동정심과 관련한 쟁점은 ‘주체’, ‘형성’, ‘작용원리’라는 세 가지 차원으로 나눌 수 있다. 이 논문에서 이 쟁점들을 다루기 위해 프란스 드 발의 공감이론을 활용한 이유는 다음과 같다. 드 발이 동정심에 관한 동서양의 쟁점들을 통섭적 관점에서 폭넓게 다루고 있기 때문이다. 또한 드 발과 프레스톤의 PAM 원리가 동정심에 관한 현대공감이론 분야의 중요한 이론적 성과이기 때문이다. 논의의 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째 주체의 측면에서 동정심은 고통 받는 타자의 감정이 아니라 공감작용을 통해 형성된 나의 감정임을 확인했다. 둘째, 그동안 홉스, 루소, 흄, 스미스를 비롯해 많은 논자들이 동정심의 형성을 ‘상상력’으로 설명해 왔다. 그런데 동정심은 사유작용의 일종인 상상력과 구분되는 본성적·본능적인 특성을 갖는다는 점을 확인했다. 셋째, 동정심은 ‘근접성’, ‘유사성’, ‘친숙성’의 원리에 기초해 강도를 달리하며 작동한다.
Abstract
This study deals with 'compassion' that has been discussed for a long time, crossing the East and the West, with regard to human sociality. The issue of compassion can be divided into three dimensions: 'subject', 'formation', and 'mechanism'. In this paper, the reason for using Frans de Waal's empathy theory to deal with these issues is as follows. This is because de Waal is dealing extensively with the issues on compassion beyond the East and the West. It is also because the PAM principle of de Waal and Preston is an important theoretical achievement of modern empathetic theory on compassion. The conclusion of the discussion is as follows. First, in terms of subjects, compassion is not emotions of suffering others, but emotions formed through empathy. Second, many writers including Hobbes, Rousseau, Hume, and Smith have described the formation of compassion as 'imagination'. However, I have confirmed that compassion has its own intrinsic and instinctive characteristics, which are distinct from imagination, which is a kind of thinking. Third, compassion works by varying strength based on the principles of 'proximity', 'similarity', and 'familiarity'.
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